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General Psychology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

development

A

the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and by environmental influences (nurture)

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2
Q

infancy

A

the developmental stage that begins at birth and continues to one year of age

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3
Q

childhood

A

the period between infancy and the onset of puberty

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4
Q

adolescence

A

the years between the onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood

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5
Q

adulthood stages

A

emerging, early, middle, older

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6
Q

conception

A

when an ovum, or egg, previously stored in one of the mother’s ovaries, matures and is released into fallopian tube

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7
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized ovum,

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8
Q

differentiate

A

when dividing cells in a zygote start to take on a different function

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9
Q

amniotic sac

A

the fluid-filled reservoir in which the embryo (soon to be fetus) will live until live birth, which acts as both a cushion against outside pressure and as a temperature regulator

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10
Q

placenta

A

an organ that allows the exchange of nutrients between the embryo and the mother, while at the same time filtering out harmful material

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11
Q

umbilical cord

A

links the embryo directly to the placenta and transfers all material to the fetus

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12
Q

teratogens

A

substances that harm the fetus

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13
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

a condition caused by maternal alcohol drinking that can lead to numerous detrimental developmental effects, including limb and facial abnormalities

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14
Q

rooting reflex

A

cheek stroked->turns toward stroking, opens mouth, tries to suck. to help get food

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15
Q

blink reflex

A

light flashed in eyes->closes eyes. to protect from harmful stimulus

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16
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

a soft pinprick is applied to the sole of the baby’s foot->baby flexes the leg. keeps infant away from painful stimuli

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17
Q

tonic neck reflex

A

laid down on back->turns its head to one side and extends the arm on same side. to develop hand eye coordination.

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18
Q

grasp reflex

A

object pressed into palm->baby grasps object. helps with exploratory learning

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19
Q

moro reflex

A

loud noises or sudden drop in height while holding baby->extends arms and legs and brings them in as if to grab. to protect from falling+hold onto mothers.

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20
Q

stepping reflex

A

baby suspending over a surface and moved forwards->baby makes stepping motions. to encourage motor development

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21
Q

Erik Erikson’s childhood development skills

A

children must attain initiative, competence, and independence

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22
Q

Piaget’s stage model of cognitive development

A

children gain their cognitive ability in developmental order

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23
Q

schemas

A

patterns of knowledge in long-term memory, that help them remember, organize and respond to information. developed by children

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24
Q

assimilation

A

use already developed schemas to understand new information

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25
accommodation
learning new information, and changing the schema
26
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
27
sensorimotor stage
birth-2 years. The child experiences the world through the fundamental senses of seeing, hearing, touching, and tasting. Gain: object permanence.
28
preoperational
2-7 years. children acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and mental imagery. They also start to see the world through others' eyes. Intuitive understanding of world. Gain: theory of mind; rapid increase in language ability
29
concrete operational
7-11 years. children become able to think logically, they can increasingly perform operations on imaginary objects. gain: conservation
30
formal operational
11-adulthood. adolescents can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can understand ethics and scientific reasoning. gain: abstract logic
31
egocentric
unable to readily see and understand other peoples' viewpoints
32
theory of mind
the ability to take another person's viewpoint, developed mainly during pre operational stage
33
conservation
understanding that changes in the form of an object do not necessarily mean changes in the quantity of the object
34
sociocultural theory
cognitive development not entirely within the child, also through social interactions
35
community learning
in which children serve as both teachers and learners
36
self-concept
a knowledge representation or schema that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs and about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals
37
social comparison
age 5 or 6. comparison of self to others, i.e. "he is a faster runner"
38
attachment
the emotional bonds that we develop with those with whom we feel closest, and particularly the bonds that an infant develops with the mother or primary caregiver
39
strange situation test
test conducted in a context that is unfamiliar to the child and therefore likely to heighten the child's need for his or her parent
40
child attachment styles
secure, ambilvant/insecure-resistant, avoidant/insecure-avoidant, disorganized
41
secure
explores freely when mom around, engages with stranger, upset but easily soothed
42
ambivalent/insecure-resistant
wary in general, clingy to mom, distressed when leaves and ambivalent when returns
43
avoidant/insecure-avoidant
avoid ignore mother, avoid ignore stranger, not explore much. might run away from mother
44
disorganized
no consistent way of coping with changes
45
teen stages of identity development
identity-diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, identity-achievement
46
identity-diffusion status
individual does not have firm commitments regarding the issues in question and is not making progress towards them
47
foreclosure status
the individual has not engaged in any identity experimentation and has developed an identity based on the choices or values of others
48
moratorium status
individual is exploring various choices but has not yet made a clear commitment to any of them
49
identity-achievement status
the individual has attained a coherent and committed identity based on personal decisions
50
social identity
the part of the self-concept that is derived from one's groups memberships
51
morality
standards of behavior that are generally agreed on in a culture to be right or proper
52
pre conventional morality
until the age of 9, children focus on self-interest. at this stage, punishment is avoided and rewards are sought.
53
conventional morality
older children, adolescents, most adults. values good derived from most social norms.
54
postconventional morality
many adults. employing abstract reasoning to justify behavior.
55
adulthood stage ages
25-45: early, 45-65: middle
56
authoritarian parents
demanding but not responsive
57
permissive parents
few demands, few punishment, responsive
58
authoritative parents
demanding but responsive
59
menopause
the cessation of the menstrual cycle
60
social clock
culturally preferred "right time" for major life events, such as moving out of childhood house, getting married, having children
61
dementia
a progressive neurological disease that includes loss of cognitive abilities significant enough to interfere with everyday behaviors
62
Alzheimer's disease
a form of dementia, over a period of years, leads to a loss of emotions, cognitions, and physical functioning, and which is ultimately fatal.

General Psychology (17 decks)

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