Chapter 7 - Lesson 2 Flashcards
Carbohydrate Roles within the Body (28 cards)
What is the primary role of carbohydrates?
to provide energy for the body
The primary storage and transportable form of fats in the body, composed of three free fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone are known as __.
triglycerides
A group of incompletely metabolized fat fragments that are normally produced during fat metabolism in the absence of adequate carbohydrates are known as __.
ketones
A metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids is known as __.
glucogeongenesis
What is the path of digestion and absorption of carbohydrates?
mouth, stomach, small intestine, portal vein/ liver/circulation
What is a mass of food that has been chewed and is now ready to initiate the swallowing process?
bolus
What is the duodenum and where is it located?
It is the first section of the small intestine where some digestion occurs. It is located immediately after the stomach and leads into the jejunum.
What is the partially digested, semi-fluid mass of food expelled by the stomach to the duodenum called?
chyme
What is the jejunum and where is it located?
It is the second section of the small intestine where digestion and absorption occur. It is located immediately after the duodenum and leads into the ileum.
What is the Ileum and where is it located?
It is the final section of the small intestine where lots of absorption occurs. It is located immediately after the jejunum and leads into the large intestine.
What is the wall of the small intestine, composed of villi and microvilli, that enhance the region’s surface area for the final stages of digestion and absorption called?
brush border
What are the small, finger-like projections located on the walls of the intestine that extend into the intestinal tract that serve to increase the body’s surface area for absorption of nutrients?
villi
__ and __ are absorbed via a different process than __ resulting in a __ rate of absorption into the body.
glucose, galactose, fructose, faster
The vein that transports blood from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and the intestinal tract to the liver is called __.
hepatic portal vein
What is cirrhosis?
A liver disease marked by the replacement of healthy liver tissue with scar tissue that is a result of alcohol abuse.
The development of a fatty liver resulting from excessive quantities of fats being deposited from causes that exclude alcohol is called __.
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
What are the three priorities of carbohydrates?
fuel for immediate use, replenish depleted glycogen in cells, some conversion to fat
What two hormones are responsible for preserving blood glucose?
insulin, glucagon
What is the job of insulin in the liver?
inhibits the release of glucose into circulation
What is the job of insulin in the cell?
promotes glycogenesis and inhibits gluconeogenesis
What hormones are released by the pancreas and what is their purpose?
insulin, lower blood sugar and prevent hyperglycemia / glucagon, raise blood sugar levels during hypoglycemia
Type 2 diabetes represents about __of all diabetes cases throughout the world.
90%
What is hyperglycemia?
A condition of an abnormally high blood glucose (blood sugar) level in the blood.
What is hypolycemia?
A condition of an abnormally low blood glucose (blood sugar) level in the blood.
