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MD1 Neuroscience > Circulation of CNS > Flashcards

Circulation of CNS Flashcards

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1
Q

Why does the CNS need efficient delivery of nutrients and removal of metabolic byproducts?

A

High metabolic requirements

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2
Q

What is the percentage of cardiac output that’s needed by the CNS?

A

10-20%

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3
Q

What does autoregulation of cerebral blood flow do?

A

Maintain adequate perfusion when arterial BP changes or if blood gases change

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4
Q

Which area of the brain has more blood vessels: cortex or white matter?

A

Cortex

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5
Q

What does the circle of Willis do?

A

Provide arterial supply to brain

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6
Q

What two systems form the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebro-basilar

Internal carotid

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7
Q

What does the circle of Willis allow if one of the blood vessels becomes blocked?

A

Blood to reach brain still

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8
Q

Where is the circle of Willis?

A

Around optic chiasm and hypothalamus

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9
Q

In which direction do the internal carotid arteries more?

A

Laterally

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10
Q

In which direction do the vertebro-basilar arteries move?

A

Over brainstem

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11
Q

What forms the vertebro-basilar system?

A

Two vertebral arteries join to form basilar artery medially

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12
Q

Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries enter the skull?

A

Foramen magnum

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13
Q

Through what does the internal carotid enter the skull?

A

Carotid canal in base of skull

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14
Q

Which artery is the vertebral artery a branch of?

A

Subclavian

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15
Q

How does the vertebral artery travel up the spine?

A

Through transverse foramina

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16
Q

What brain structure does the vertebral artery associate with before joining the circle of Willis?

A

Brainstem

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17
Q

Which system forms the posterior circulation of the circle of Willis?

A

Vertebro-basilar system

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18
Q

Which system forms the anterior circulation of the circle of Willis?

A

Internal carotid

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19
Q

What are the main arteries supplying the cerebrum?

A

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery

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20
Q

How is the loop in the circle of Willis closed?

A

Via communicating arteries

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21
Q

What gives off the anterior cerebral artery?

A

Internal carotid artery

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22
Q

In which direction does the anterior cerebral artery run?

A

Anteriorly and medially

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23
Q

What joins the two anterior cerebral arteries?

A

Anterior communicating artery

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24
Q

What is the posterior cerebral artery a branch of?

A

Basilar artery

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25
What does the posterior communicating artery join?
Posterior cerebral and internal carotid arteries
26
What does the anterior cerebral artery supply?
Medial part of - Frontal lobe - Parietal lobe Up to parieto-occipital sulcus
27
What functional territories are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?
Motor and sensory cortices for lower limb
28
In what structure does the anterior cerebral artery run?
Longitudinal fissure
29
What is the relationship between the anterior cerebral artery and corpus callosum?
Hooks around front of corpus callosum > arches over
30
What clinical signs do you see with a cerebrovascular event in an anterior cerebral artery?
Contralateral hemiparesis with spastic paralysis of lower limb Contralateral hemianaesthesia of lower limb
31
What does the middle cerebral artery supply?
Lateral surface of brain including parts of - Frontal lobe - Parietal lobe - Superior and lateral parts of temporal lobe - Occipital lobe Insula
32
What are the functional territories supplied by the middle cerebral artery?
Motor and sensory cortices for body except lower limb Parieto-occipital association areas Language areas
33
What is the middle cerebral artery a branch of?
Internal carotid artery
34
In which direction does the middle cerebral artery run?
Directly laterally
35
In which structure does the middle cerebral artery run?
In lateral fissure between temporal lobe, and frontal and parietal lobes
36
Where does the middle cerebral artery externalise in the brain?
On lateral surface of cerebrum
37
What clinical signs do you see with a cerebrovascular accident in a middle cerebral artery?
Contralateral hemiparesis associated with upper limb and face Contralateral hemianaesthesia associated with upper limb and face If on language dominant side, aphasia
38
What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
Medial and inferior surfaces of - Temporal lobe - Occipital lobe
39
What functional territories does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
Visual cortex
40
Where does the posterior cerebral artery come off the basilar artery?
At level of medulla
41
In which direction does the posterior cerebral artery move?
Laterally and posteriorly
42
What clinical signs do you see with a cerebrovascular event in a posterior cerebral artery?
Loss of vision in contralateral visual field
43
What is homonymous hemianopia?
Loss of vision in visual field of one side
44
What is the role of the small perforating branches?
Supply deep structures where they com off main arteries
45
What does the anterior group of small perforating branches come off?
Anterior communicating artery
46
What does the anterior group of small perforating branches supply?
Optic chiasm | Anterior parts of hypothalamus
47
What does the posterior group of small perforating branches come off?
Posterior cerebral artery
48
What does the posterior group of small perforating branches supply?
Ventral parts of midbrain Posterior parts of hypothalamus Thalamus
49
What do the pontine branches come off?
Basilar artery before it terminates
50
What do the pontine branches supply?
Pons
51
What does the lateral group of small perforating branches come off?
Middle cerebral artery as it projects laterally
52
What does the lateral group of small perforating branches supply?
Basal ganglia | Internal capsule
53
What else is the lateral group of small perforating branches called?
Lenticulostriate arteries
54
Which artery is the ophthalmic artery a branch of?
Internal carotid artery
55
Where does the ophthalmic artery branch from the internal carotid?
Just before anterior and middle cerebral arteries
56
What structure does the ophthalmic artery enter?
Orbit
57
What does the ophthalmic artery supply?
Eye, including retina Top of nasal cavity Frontal scalp
58
Which artery is the anterior choroid artery a branch of?
Internal carotid artery
59
What structure does the anterior choroid artery follow?
Lateral ventricle all the way around - forms C shaped hook
60
What structures does the anterior choroid artery supply?
Structures in deep lateral hemispheres - Optic tract - Lateral ventricles - Hippocampus
61
What does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery branch off?
Vertebral artery
62
What does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?
Posterior part of inferior surface of cerebellum
63
What are the branches of the basilar artery, in order?
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery Superior cerebellar artery Posterior cerebral artery
64
What does the anterior inferior cerebellar artery supply?
Anterior part of inferior cerebellum
65
What does the superior cerebellar artery supply?
Superior cerebellum
66
In which direction do cerebellar arteries project?
Posteriorly
67
What are the spinal arteries?
One anterior spinal artery | Two posterior spinal arteries
68
Where does the anterior spinal artery run?
In ventral longitudinal fissure in spinal cord
69
How is the anterior spinal artery formed?
One branch from each vertebral artery meet
70
What do branches from the superior cerebellar artery supply?
Posterior part of midbrain, in particular colliculi
71
Where does most of the midbrain that is not supplied by branches of the superior cerebellar artery get its blood supply from?
Some posterior perforating branches of posterior cerebral artery
72
Where does the medulla get its blood supply from?
Medially from anterior spinal artery Posterolaterally from posterior inferior cerebellar artery In between where olives are from vertebral artery
73
What is the medial medullary syndrome?
Group of signs associated with cerebrovascular accident of anterior spinal artery
74
What are the clinical signs of medial medullary syndrome?
``` Pyramids - Contralateral hemiparesis - UMN signs - Spastic paralysis - Hyper-reflexia Medial lemniscus - Contralateral hemianaesthesia Hypoglossal nucleus - Ipsilateral paralysis - Ipsilateral atrophy of some tongue muscles ```
75
What is the lateral medullary syndrome?
Group of signs associated with cerebrovascular accident of posterior inferior cerebellar artery
76
What is the origin of the posterior spinal arteries?
Vertebral arteries
77
Where do the posterior spinal arteries run?
Posterolateral aspect of spinal cord
78
What reinforces the spinal arteries?
Radicular arteries
79
What is the origin of radicular arteries?
Branches of some of segmental arteries of aorta
80
What forms the anastomosis between the anterior and posterior spinal arteries?
Circumferential branches
81
Where do the cerebral veins run?
In subarachnoid space
82
What do the cerebral veins drain into?
Venous sinuses
83
Where do the venous sinuses drain to?
Jugular venous system
84
Between which layers of the meninges are the venous sinuses located?
Two layers of dura

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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