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MD1 Neuroscience > Ear and Auditory Canal (ENT 1) > Flashcards

Ear and Auditory Canal (ENT 1) Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Where does the outer ear end?

A

At tympanic membrane

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2
Q

Where is the inner ear?

A

Embedded in petrous part of temporal bone

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3
Q

What structure is for hearing?

A

Cochlea

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4
Q

What structure is for balance and equilibrium?

A

Vestibule

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5
Q

What structures make up the outer ear?

A

Auricle

External acoustic meatus

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6
Q

Where is the auricle?

A

Outside part of ear

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7
Q

What is the function of the auricle?

A

Collect sound

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8
Q

What is the auricle made of?

A

Cartilage

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9
Q

What is the tragus?

A

Little flap of skin over external auditory meatus

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10
Q

What is the external auditory meatus made of?

A

Lateral 1/3 cartilagenous

Medial 2/3 bony - embedded in temporal bone

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11
Q

What is the innervation of the external auditory meatus?

A

Posterior and inferior surface innervated by vagus

Anterior and superior surface innervated by auriculotmporal = branch of V3

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12
Q

Where can pain be referred to from the anterior and superior part of the external auditory meatus?

A

Teeth because of V3 innervation of both

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13
Q

What is the external auditory meatus lined by?

A

Hairy skin embedded with cerouminous glands

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14
Q

What do cerouminous glands produce?

A

Cerumen = ear wax

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15
Q

What is the function of cerumen?

A

Protect skin from water

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16
Q

Where does sound run from the auricle?

A

Into external auditory meatus > tympanic membrane

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17
Q

Where is the tympanic membrane?

A

Forms almost complete seal of external auditory meatus into middle ear

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18
Q

What is the bump on the tympanic membrane formed by?

A

Handle of malleus

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19
Q

Why does shining a light on the tympanic membrane produce a cone of reflected light on it?

A

Because it’s concave

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20
Q

Where is the cone of reflected light on the tympanic membrane?

A

In antero-inferior quadrant

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21
Q

What is the clinical significance of the position of the cone of light on the tympanic membrane?

A

Increased pressure in middle ear pushes membrane out a little bit > changes position of cone of light

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22
Q

What is the nerve supply to the mucosa of the middle ear?

A

Mostly from glossopharyngeal nerve

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23
Q

Where can pain from the middle ear be referred to?

A

Other areas supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve, especially tonsils

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24
Q

What is the transmission of sound through the middle ear?

A

Sound waves make tympanic membrane vibrate > transmitted to middle ear

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25
What is the structure of the middle ear?
Largely a space in petrous part of temporal bone | Made of 2 compartments
26
What are the two compartments of the middle ear?
Epitympanic recess | Tympanic cavity proper
27
Where is the tympanic cavity proper?
Medial to tympanic membrane
28
Where is the epitympanic recess?
Above medial tympanic membrane
29
What does the epitympanic recess communicated with?
Mastoid sinuses
30
What is the clinical significance of the communication between the epitympanic recess and mastoid sinuses?
Inflammation in epitympanic recess can move to mastoid air cells in mastoid process > pain and further infection
31
How are infections of the mastoid air cells cleared?
Antibiotics
32
How does the middle ear communicate with the nasal cavity?
Auditory tube
33
Where is the auditory tube?
Projects from anterior and inferior wall of middle ear | To nasopharynx
34
What is the function of the auditory tube?
Allows for equalisation of pressure in middle ear and atmosphere
35
What happens if the middle ear cannot equalise with the atmosphere?
Creates movement in tympanic membrane | If severe, can damage it
36
How can you get a middle ear infection?
Bacteria from nasal cavity moves up auditory tube to middle ear Causes pain
37
What is the clinical significance of the position of the auditory tube?
In adults, auditory tube projects downwards significantly > difficult for bacteria to move up tube, and allows infections to drain down In infants, tube far more horizontal > easier for bacteria to move to middle ear
38
By when do chronic middle ear infections tend to resolve in children?
Ages 6-7
39
How many ossicles are there?
3
40
Where are the ossicles?
In middle ear
41
What do the ossicles articulate with?
Each other Tympanic membrane laterally Oval window medially
42
What is the function of the ossicles?
Transmit sound from middle ear to inner ear
43
Which ossicle is most lateral?
Malleus
44
What does the malleus articulate with?
Handle articulates with tympanic membrane laterally | Head articulates with incus
45
Which ossicle is in the middle?
Incus
46
What does the incus articulate with?
Malleus | Head of stapes
47
Which ossicle is the most medial?
Stapes
48
What does the stapes articulate with?
Head with incus | Oval shaped base sits directly over oval window
49
What kind of joints are the articulations between the ossicles?
Synovial
50
What anchors some of the muscles to the walls of the middle ear?
Small muscles
51
Which muscle articulates with malleus?
Tensor tympani anteriorly
52
Which muscle articulates with stapes?
Stapedius posteriorly
53
Which nerve innervates tensor tympani?
Trigeminal nerve
54
Which nerve innervates stapedius?
CN VII
55
What is the role of tensor tympani and stapedius?
Dampen loud sounds to protect inner ear
56
Is the contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius voluntary?
No, reflexive contraction
57
How do tensor tympani and stapedius dampen sound?
Muscles pull on ossicles to dampen vibration
58
What is the clinical significance of damage to the facial nerve in relation to stapedius?
Reflexive mechanism won't work People more sensitive to sound because can't regulate dampening of energy Eg: in Bell's palsy people more sensitive to large sounds
59
What is the landmark for the oval and round windows?
Promotnary formed by basal turn of cochlea
60
Where is the oval window?
Superior and posterior
61
Where is the round window?
Inferior and posterior
62
Which window communicates with the inner ear?
Both oval and round windows
63
Which nerve goes through the middle ear?
Chorda tympani
64
What is the function of chorda tympani?
Taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue | Parasympathetic innervation to some salivary glands
65
Which cranial nerve is the chorda tympani a branch of?
Facial nerve
66
Where does chorda tympani enter and exit the middle ear?
Enters through posterior wall | Exits through anterior wall
67
With which nerve does chorda tympani hitchhike to the mouth?
Inguinal nerve - branch of CN V
68
From which wall does the auditory tube project?
Projects from anterior wall, anteriorly and inferiorly
69
What is the route of the facial nerve through the middle ear?
Enters through internal auditory meatus Arches over top of middle ear Moves posteriorly to exit skull Exits through stylomastoid foramen
70
Which artery is very close to the facial nerve?
Internal carotid
71
What is the bony labyrinth?
Oval window opens into series of spaces embedded in petrous part of temporal bone
72
What is the fluid in the bony labyrinth?
Perilymph
73
What is suspended inside the bony labyrinth?
Membranous labyrinth
74
What is the membranous labyrinth made of?
Single tube of membrane
75
What is the fluid in the membranous labyrinth?
Endolymph
76
What is the shape of the cochlea?
Snail shell
77
Where are the sensory receptors for hearing?
In cochlea
78
How many semicircular canals are there?
3
79
Where is the vestibule?
Between semicircular canals and cochlea
80
Into which structure do the oval and round windows open?
Vestibule
81
How does sound energy enter and exit the inner ear?
Enters through oval window | Exits through round window
82
Where are the utricle and saccule?
In vestibule Utricle superior Saccule inferior
83
What is the function of the untricle and saccule?
Provide info about static equilibrium | Also provide a little info about dynamic equilibrium
84
What is knowing head position important for?
Balance | Many reflexes around this
85
What is static equilibrium?
Head position
86
What is dynamic equilibrium?
Head movement
87
What nerve carries sound information from the cochlear duct to the brain?
Cochlear nerve
88
What nerve carries equilibrium information from the ampulla, utricle, and saccule to the brain?
Vestibular nerve?
89
What nerves form CN VIII?
Cochlear nerve | Vestibular nerve
90
What are the three semicircular ducts?
Anterior Posterior Horizontal
91
Why is the orientation of the semicircular ducts important?
For equilibrium
92
What is the orientation of the anterior semicircular duct?
Vertical | Projects anterolaterally
93
What is the orientation of the posterior semicircular duct?
Vertical | Projects posterolaterally
94
What is the orientation of the horizontal semicircular duct?
Horizontal
95
What does the ampulla detect?
Dynamic equilibrium
96
In which direction does the cochlear duct project?
Anteromedially along line of petrous part of temporal bone
97
What is the frequency and amplitude of sound transmitted by the tympanic membrane as compared to that in air?
Same frequency | Relative amplitude
98
What is the frequency and amplitude of sound transmitted by perilymph as compared to that in air?
Same frequency | Relative amplitude
99
What does perilymph transmit sound energy to?
Membranous labyrinth and sensory receptors
100
Where are the sensory receptors that respond best to high frequencies?
At base of cochlea
101
Where are the sensory receptors that respond best to low frequencies?
At apex of cochlea
102
What is coded by the amplitude of a sound wave?
Loudness
103
How do equilibrium sensory receptors work?
Endolymph heavy so with head movements it lags behind Moves across ampulla to stimulate receptors Brain decodes vector representation of head movement depending on relative excitation of receptors

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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