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MD1 Neuroscience > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

(124 cards)

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1
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

12 paired nerves

Connected to brain

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2
Q

What do cranial nerves supply?

A

Somatic and visceral motor and and sensory info to head

CN IX and X also supply visceral sensory and motor innervation to neck, chest, and abdomen

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3
Q

What is cranial nerve I?

A

Olfactory

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4
Q

What is cranial nerve II?

A

Optic

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5
Q

What is cranial nerve III?

A

Oculomotor

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6
Q

What is cranial nerve IV?

A

Trochlear

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7
Q

What is cranial nerve V?

A

Trigeminal

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8
Q

What is cranial nerve VI?

A

Abducent

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9
Q

What is cranial nerve VII?

A

Facial

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10
Q

What is cranial nerve VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear

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11
Q

What is cranial nerve IX?

A

Glossopharyngeal

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12
Q

What is cranial nerve X?

A

Vagus

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13
Q

What is cranial nerve XI?

A

Accessory?

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14
Q

What is cranial nerve XII?

A

Hypoglossal

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15
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?

A

CN I
CN II
CN VIII

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16
Q

Which cranial nerves are purely motor?

A 
CN III
CN IV
CN VI
CN XI
CN XII
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17
Q

Which cranial nerves are mixed?

A

CN V
CN VII
CN IX
CN X

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18
Q

What are cranial nerves connected centrally to?

A

Cranial nerve nuclei

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19
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with the brainstem?

A

CN III to CN XII

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20
Q

How are cranial nerves organised?

A

Rostral to caudal roughly in order of target tissues they’re associated with

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21
Q

On which surface do cranial nerves exit?

A

All exit ventrally

Except CN IV - exits dorsally

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22
Q

Which cranial nerve crosses over before leaving the brain?

A

CN IV

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23
Q

From where do motor nerves exit?

A

Located medially

Exit close to midline

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24
Q

How are the motor nerve nuclei organised?

A

In 3 columns close to midline

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25
What are the three motor nerve nuclei columns, from medial to lateral?
Somatic Branchial Visceral
26
Which nerves have somatic motor fibres?
CN III CN IV CN VI CN XII
27
Which nerves have branchial motor fibres?
Mandibular division of CN V CN VII CN IX CN X
28
What is the nucleus ambiguus?
Mostly motor nucleus Lies behind inferior olive Sends fibres to stylopharyngus via CN IX Sends fibres to levator palati via CN X
29
Which nerves have visceral efferents?
CN III CN VII CN IX CN X
30
From which nucleus do autonomic fibres of CN III originate?
Edinger-Westphal nucleus
31
From which nucleus do autonomic fibres of CN VII originate?
Superior salivatory nucleus
32
From which nucleus do autonomic fibres of CN IX originate?
Inferior salivatory nucleus
33
From which nucleus do autonomic fibres of CN X originate?
Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
34
How are the sensory nuclei organised?
3 columns laterally
35
What are the three columns of sensory nuclei, from medial to lateral?
Visceral sensory Somatic sensory Special sensory
36
Which nerves have visceral afferents?
CN VII CN IX CN X
37
Which nerves are sometimes called special visceral afferents, and why?
For taste - CN VII - CN IX - CN X
38
What is the nucleus solitarius?
Extends from pons to level of nucleus gracilis Rostral = gustatory nucleus - VII, IX, X: Primary afferents receiving input from taste buds and palate Caudal = visceral sensory division - X: Afferents from heart and abdominal viscera - IX: Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors from carotid body and sinus
39
What are the special senses and their corresponding cranial nerves?
Smell = CN I - olfactory Sight = CN II - optic Hearing and equilibrium = CN VIII - vestibulocochlear
40
Which cranial nerves originate from the midbrain?
CN III | CN IV
41
Which cranial nerves originate from the pons?
CN V CN VI CN VII CN VIII
42
Which cranial nerves originate from the medulla?
CN VIII CN IX CN X CN XII
43
What are the functions of the olfactory nerve (CN I)?
Special sensory - sense of smell
44
Where does the olfactory nerve exit the skull?
Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone?
45
Where is the olfactory cortex?
In insula
46
What are the functions of the optic nerve (CN II)?
Special sensory - vision
47
Where does the optic nerve exit the skull?
Optic canal in sphenoid bone
48
Where does the optic nerve synapse in the thalamus?
Lateral geniculate nucleus
49
What happens at the optic chiasm?
Some axons cross here
50
Where does information from the lateral geniculate nucleus go?
Visual cortex
51
How many extraocular muscles are there?
6
52
What are the extraocular muscles?
``` Rectus muscles - Superior rectus - Inferior rectus - Lateral rectus - Medial rectus Oblique muscles - Superior oblique - Inferior oblique ```
53
Which cranial nerves go to the extraocular muscles?
CN III CN IV CN VI
54
What do the cranial nerves innervating the extraocular muscles do?
Act in coordinated fashion
55
Where do CN III, CN IV, and CN VI exit the skull?
Superior orbital fissure, between the wings of the sphenoid bone
56
What is the oculomotor nerve (CN III)?
``` Somatic motor - Medial rectus - Superior rectus - Inferior rectus - Inferior oblique Visceral motor - Iris (pupils) - Ciliary muscle (focusing) ```
57
What are the nuclei of the oculomotor nerve?
Somatic motor: oculomotor nucleus near midline | Visceral motor: lateral to somatic motor nucleus
58
Which cranial nerves enter the orbit?
CN III CN IV CN VI CN V1
59
How do all structures enter the orbit from the skull?
Via superior orbital fissure
60
Why is it relevant that cranial nerves often exit in groups?
Affected in disease together
61
What nerves exit from the cribiform plate?
Olfactory nerve
62
What nerves exit from the optic canal?
Optic nerve
63
What nerves exit from the superior orbital fissure?
Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
64
What nerves exit the auditory canal?
Facial nerve | Vestibulocochlear nerve
65
What nerves exit the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Accessory nerve
66
What nerves exit the hypoglossal foramen?
Hypoglossal nerve
67
What is the pupillary light reflex?
Sensory inputs to brain from retina via CN II | Motor outputs to sphincter pupillae muscle in iris
68
Which nucleus provides the parasympathetic fibres in the oculomotor nerve?
Edinger Westfal nucleus
69
What is the pupillary light reflex used for?
To test midbrain function
70
What is the trigeminal nerve (CN V)?
Somatic sensory | Branchial mtoro
71
What are the functions of the trigeminal nerve?
Sensory: input from face, inside of mouth, and soft palate Motor: muscles of mastication, and tensor tympani in inner ear
72
With which branch of the trigeminal nerve do its motor fibres travel?
Mandibular branch
73
What does the tensor tympani do?
Dampen sound from chewing
74
Where is the tensor tympani muscle?
In inner ear
75
Where are the trigeminal nuclei?
From midbrain to upper spinal cord
76
What are the nuclei of the trigeminal nerve?
Mesencephalic - mostly proprioception Chief sensory - mostly fine touch Spinal trigeminal - particularly important for pain Motor
77
What is the pathway for somatosensory information from the face?
Primary nerve = trigeminal nerve > synapses in trigeminal nucleus Secondary nerve crosses midline > passes up brainstem > thalamus Tertiary nerve from thalamus > cortex
78
How does the trigeminal nerve exit the brainstem?
As two roots - Motor - Sensory
79
Which ganglion do the trigeminal sensory nerves travel to?
Trigeminal ganglion
80
What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Ophthalmic - eyes, nose, and forehead Maxillary - cheeks Mandibular - jaw, teeth, and tongue
81
What foramina does the trigeminal nerve exit the skulll through?
``` V1 = superior orbital fissure V2 = foramen rotundum V3 = foramen ovale ```
82
What is the corneal blink reflex?
Sensory: CN V1 Motor: to eyelid by CN VII
83
What is the corneal blink reflex used for?
Test of pontine function
84
What type of nerve is the facial nerve (CN VII)?
Branchial motor Visceral effernt Visceral sensory Somatic sensory
85
What are the roles of the facial nerve?
Motor - Innervates muscles of facial expression - Stapedius muscle in ear - Part of digastric muscle
86
What is the function of the stapedius muscle?
Dampens sound if it's too loud
87
What is the most common cause of CN VII loss of function?
Bell's palsy
88
What is nervus intermedius?
Branch of facial nerve
89
What is the function of nervus intermedius?
Parasympathetic - Lacrimal glands - Sublingual and submandibulary salivary glands Taste - From anterior 2/3 of tongue and soft palate Sensation - From small region near external auditory meatus
90
Which branch of the facial nerve innervates the lacrimal glands?
Greater petrosal
91
Which branch of the facial nerve carries taste information from the tongue?
Chorda tympani
92
Through which foramen does the facial nerve exit the skull?
Stylomastoid foramen
93
What are the five terminal branches of the facial nerve?
``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical ```
94
What is the function of the five terminal branches of the facial nerve?
Motor innervation for the muscles of facial expression
95
What is the course of the facial nerve?
Brainstem > passes internal acoustic meatus > greater petrosal branch > branch to stapedius > chorda tympani branch > exits skull through stylomastoid foramen > posterior auricular branch > terminal branches
96
What is the relationship between the terminal branches of the facial nerve and the parotid gland?
Go through parotid but don't innervate it
97
What type of nerve is the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?
Special sensory - hearing and balance
98
What are the nuclei of the vestibulocochlear nerve?
Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei | Four vestibular nuclei
99
Which division of the brainstem are the nuclei of the vestibulocochlear nerve located in?
On border of pons and medulla
100
Where does the vestibulocochlear nerve exit the skull?
Internal acoustic meatus
101
What type of nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)?
Somatic sensory Special sensory - taste Visceral motor Motor
102
What are the functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
``` Sensory - Posterior 1/3 of tongue - Pharynx - Middle ear - Carotid body Taste - Posterior 1/3 of tongue Visceral motor - Parasympathetic to parotid gland Motor - Stylopharyngeus ```
103
Where does the glossopharyngeal nerve exit the skull?
Jugular foramen
104
What is the course of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Rootlets from different columns of brainstem > jugular foramen lateral and in front of CN X and CN XI > superior and inferior sensory ganglia > between internal and external carotid arteries > follows stylopharyngeus to oropharynx and tongue
105
What type of nerve is the vagus nerve (CN X)?
``` Branchial motor Visceral motor Somatic sensory Visceral sensory (special) taste Visceral sensory (general) ```
106
What is the most important function of the vagus nerv?
Autonomic
107
Which branch of the vagus nerve innervates the vocal cords?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
108
What are the motor functions of the vagus nerve?
Many striated muscles - Soft palate - Pharynx - Larynx - Upper oesophagus - 1 tongue muscle
109
What are the parasympathetic functions of the vagus nerve?
Many | - From pharynx to upper abdomen
110
What are the sensory functions of the vagus nerve?
Pharynx Larynx Oesophagus
111
What are the visceral sensory functions of the vagus nerve?
Input from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of aortic arch | Taste from epiglottis and pharynx
112
What is the gag reflex?
Sensory: CN IX Motor: CN X
113
What is the gag reflex used for?
Test medullary function
114
Where is the nucleus of the accessory nerve?
Upper 5-6 of cervical spinal cord
115
What is the course of the accessory nerve?
Enters cranium via foramen magnum Travels with X roots Exits via jugular foramen
116
What type of nerve is the accessory nerve (CN XI)?
Motor
117
What is the function of the accessory nerve?
Motor input to sternomastoid and upper part of trapezius
118
In general, structures on which side do cranial nerves relate?
Ipsilateral
119
What is the exception to the ipsilateral relationship of structures and cranial nerves?
Trochlear nerve - crosses before exiting midbrain
120
What type of motor neuron are cranial nerves innervating muscle?
Lower motor neurons
121
What type of nerve is the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?
Somatic motor
122
What are the functions of the hypoglossal nerve?
Motor innervation to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue
123
Which muscle of the tongue doesn't the hypoglossal nerve innervate?
Palatoglossus - innervated by CN X
124
Where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull?
Hypoglossal foramen

MD1 Neuroscience (55 decks)

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