Clinical Labs Flashcards by tcarlso 3

What is anisocytosis?

a medical term meaning that a patient’s red blood cells are of unequal size

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What is poikilocytosis?

Abnormally shaped RBCs

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What does normocytic mean?

Normal size of RBCs

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What is the range of RBC volume?

80-100 fL

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What does macrocytic mean?

Larger than average size of RBCs

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What are the three main etiologies of anemia?

Blood loss
Impaired production
Impaired destruction

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What does MCV measure?

Mean corpuscular volume (how large the RBCs are)

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What is the normal % of lymphocytes?

25-50%

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What is the normal % of monocytes?

2-12%

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What is the normal % of eosinophils?

0-5%

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What is the normal range of WBCs?

4-11

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What is the normal range of RBCs?

4.5-6

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What is the normal platelet count?

150-400

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What is the normal % of neutrophils?

50-74%

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What is the normal % of basophils?

0-2%

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What does the reticulocyte count asses?

Assess the erythropioetic activity

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What does ESR help to distinguish?

Active vs non-active disease

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What is the final resort if you cannot determine the cause of an anemia?

Bone marrow exam

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What is the normal percentage of reticulocytes?

0.5% -1.5%

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What is the formula for the corrected reticulocyte count if there is anemia?

(HCT/45)*retic count

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How do you distinguish between retriculocytes and mature RBCs?

Stain for RNA

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What is the most common reason for anemia?

Fe deficiency

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What is a chronic disease that causes anemia? Is this mico or macrocytic?

renal failure

Microcytic

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Are thalessemias micro or marcocytic anemias?

Micro

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Does Fe deficiency anemia present as micro or marcocytic?

Micro

What is siderblastic anemia? Is it micro or macrocytic?

a form of anemia in which the bone marrow produces ringed sideroblasts rather than healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes).[1] It may be caused either by a genetic disorder or indirectly as part of myelodysplastic syndrome,[2] which can evolve into hematological malignancies (especially acute myelogenous leukemia) Micocytic

What are the three major tests for microcytic anemias?

Serum Fe TIBC Serum ferritin

What is the single best test for iron studies? What does it measure?

Serum ferritin | Measures circulating fraction of iron storage

What is the gold standard for diagnosin mild beta-thalassemias?

Hb electrophoresis

What is the serum iron in iron deficiency anemia? Anemia of chronic disease?

Both low

What is the TIBC in iron deficiency anemia? Anemia of chronic disease?

High in IDA | Low in ACD

What is the transfer saturation in iron deficiency anemia? Anemia of chronic disease?

both low

What is the serum ferritin in iron deficiency anemia? Anemia of chronic disease?

Low in IDA | increased in ACD

What is the marrow iron in iron deficiency anemia? Anemia of chronic disease?

absent in IDA | increased in ACD

What is the most common type of auto-immune hemolytic anemia?

SLE

What are the two types of hemolytic anemia from SLE? What are the antibodies involved in each?

Warm (IgG antibodies) | Cold (IgM antibodies)

Wha are the two types of allo-immune hemolytic anemias?

Transfusion reactions | Hemolytic disease of the newborn

What is the difference between direct and indirect Coomes test?

Direct = uses pts RBCs to detect antibodies. (antibody on antibody) Indirect = detects antibodies in pts serum

When is the indirect Coombs test used?

For fetal testing of hemolytic anemia

Elevated neutrophils = what kind of infection?

Bacterial

Elevated lymphocytes = what type of infection?

Viral

Elevated eosinophils = what type of infection?

Parasitic or allergic

What are lymphomas?

Neoplasms that arise as discrete masses (like spleen, lymph nodes)

What are leukemias?

Lymphoid nepplasms with involvement of blood and bone marrow

What is the only way to differentiate leukemias that are coming from B cell vs T cells?

Immunophenotyping (identifying cell types by protein expression)

What is FISH used to detect?

Chromosomal aberrations

What are the protein markers for B cells?

CD19 CD20 CD21 CD22

What are the protein markers for T cells?

CD3 CD2 CD4 CD8

What are the two ways to perform immuphenotyping?

Immunohistochemisty | Flow cytometry

What are the three factors that you need to consider when assessing a pt for leukemias/lymphomas?

Age Location Sites/involvment

Are the masses associated with lymphomas painful or painless?

Painless

What are the characterisitcs that are evaluated with H&E uner high power?

Size Nucleus Chromatin Cytoplasm

Immature lymphoid neoplasms come for what cells?

Lymphoblasts

Mature lymphoid neoplasms come from where?

Mature lymphocyte

What are the findings of IHC if there is a B cell lymphoma?

Only one type of ig light chain produced

What are the PCR findings of b cell lymphomas?

Ig heavy chain gene rearrangement

Loss of specific CD antigen = what cell type lymphoma?

T cell

What are the PCR findings for T cell lymphoma?

T cell receptor gene rearrangement

What are the five characteristics looked at when determining a neoplasm?

``` Clincial features Morphology Immunophenotype Cytogenetics Molecular analysis ```

What are the five main categories of lymphomas?

``` Precursor B Peripheral B Precursor A Peripheral A Hodgkin lymphoma ```

What is the most common cause of tumors in pts under 5 years old?

Acute leukemia

What is the most common cause of tumors in pts 5-9 years old?

Acute leukemia/brain

What is the most common cause of tumors in children 10 -19?

Lymphomas

What is the first stage of lymphoma?

Single lymph node region or extralymphatic site

What is the second stage of lymphoma?

Two or more LN regions or extralymphatic site on the same side of the diaphragm

What is the third stage of lymphoma?

LN regions or extralymphatic site on both sides of the diaphragm

What is the fourth stage of lymphomas?

Disseminated or diffuse inolvement of one or more extralymphatic sites

What does the A stand for in lymphoma staging? B?

Asymptomatic | B= symptomatic

What is the packed cell volume?

Same as hematocrit

What is the mean corpuscular Hb?

he average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell in a sample of blood

What is the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration?

measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells

What is the red cell distribution width?

a measure of the range of variation of red blood cell (RBC) volume that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count. Usually red blood cells are a standard size of about 6-8 μm in diameter.

Clinical Labs Flashcards

(72 cards)