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Malaria Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the type of mosquitoes that cause malaria here?

A

Anopheles

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2
Q

What is the causative agent of malaria?

A

Plasmodium spp.

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3
Q

What are the five species of plasmodium

A 
Falciparum
Vivax
Malariae
Ovale
Knowlesi
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4
Q

Where is falciparum found?

A

World wide

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5
Q

Where is vivax found?

A

Sub-saharan africa

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6
Q

Where is p. malariae found?

A

World wide

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7
Q

Where is p. ovale found?

A

Africa

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8
Q

Where is p. Knowlesi found?

A

Malaysia

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9
Q

Most cases of malaria are caused by what two strains?

A

P. Falciparum

P. Vivas

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10
Q

What is the general life cycle of malaria?

A

Hepatocytes, then RBCs

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11
Q

What are the two forms of malaria that can lie dormant in the liver for years at a time?

A

Vivax

Ovale

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12
Q

What is malarial paroxysm?

A

Synchronous release of malarial parasites, destruction of RBCs causing the symptoms of malaria

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13
Q

What are the three stages of malaria?

A 
cold stage (rigors, dry skin)
Hot stage (HA, palps, confusion)
Sweat stage
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14
Q

What are the strains of malaria that cause symptoms every 48 hours?

A

vivax
Ovale
Falciparum

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15
Q

What are the strains of malaria that cause symptoms every 72 hours?

A

Malariae

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16
Q

What is the blood disease that prevents infection with malaria falciparum?

A

Beta thalassemia

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17
Q

What are the strains of malaria that cause symptoms every 24 hours?

A

Knowlesi

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18
Q

What is the incubation period for falciparum?

A

1-2 weeks

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19
Q

What is the most severe complication with falciparum malaria?

A

Cerebral malaria–red cells get sticky, and bind to endothelial cells, causing decreased organ perfusion

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20
Q

True or false: jaundice is never a symptom of malaria

A

False–falciparum can cause this

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21
Q

What are the primary symptoms of vivax/ovale infx?

A

flu like

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22
Q

What is the most serious complication of vivax/ovale?

A

Splenic rupture

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23
Q

What is the incubation period for vivax/ovale?

A

2-3 weeks

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24
Q

What is the incubation period of malariae?

A

3-6 weeks

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25
What is symptomatic recrudescence?
Hard to see low level or replication of malariae, so can recur
26
What is the most common complication of malaria?
Anemia
27
What are the three mechanisms that are involved in the pathogenesis of malaria?
1. RBC lysis by parasite 2. Suppression of erythropoiesis (TNFa, IL1) 3. Destruction of RBCs by spleen
28
Why is plasmodium falciparum one of the most dangerous?
No preference for RBCs
29
What are the blood cells that vivax and ovale infx?
Reticulocytes
30
What are the blood cells that malariae infx?
Old RBCs
31
What are the three major side effects of plasmodium?
Splenomegaly Hypoglycemia Cerebral malaria
32
What are the two cytokines that are circulating when RBCs lyse with malaria? How does this affect glycemic levels?
TNFalpha IL1 Inhibits gluconeogenesis
33
What is the gold standard for diagnosing malaria?
PBS
34
What are the histological findings of falciparum?
Purple bananas
35
What are the histological findings of vivax and ovale?
Bloated RBCs | Schuffner dots
36
What are the histological findings of malariae?
Band forms | NO stippling
37
What are the diseases that protect pts from malaria?
Sickle cell Thalassemia G6PD deficiency
38
True or false: drug resistance to malaria is a major concern
True
39
What is babesiosis?
Babesia parasite transmitted by ticks that normally fed on rodents
40
What are the symptoms of babesiosis?
Fever, chills, myalgias | Hemolytic anemia
41
True or false: most cases of babesiosis are asymptomatic
True
42
Who are the people are susceptible to babesiosis?
Elderly, asplenic | Immunosuppressed
43
What are the histological characteristics of babesiosis?
Maltese cross
44
What is the treatment for babesia?
Quinine and clindamycin
45
Most drugs against malaria target what?
Asexual blood forms
46
What does clinical cure mean vs radical cure?
``` Clinical = feel better Radical = total destruction of parasite ```
47
What is the drug that kills malaria? How useful is this?
Chloroquine High resistance rates
48
Where is chloroquine still effective?
West of the panama canal
49
What is the therapeutic to toxic ratio of quinine?
Poor
50
What is the major side effect of quinine?
Hypoglycemia | Cinchonism
51
What is the derivative form of quinine?
Mefloquine
52
What is the abx that is useful against malaria?
Doxycycline
53
What are the major side effects of doxycycline?
photosensitivity dermatitis
54
What is the drug that kills the liver forms of malaria?
Primaquine
55
What are the major toxicities of primaquine?
RBC lysis with G6PD deficiency
56
What disease should you screen for before giving primaquine?
G6PD deficiency
57
When is primaquine administered?
After clinical cure achieved with other antimalarial
58
What are the two drugs that are combined in malarone?
Atovaquone | Proguanil
59
What is the prophylaxis treatment for malaria without chloroquine resistant plasmodium?
Chloroquine
60
What is the prophylaxis treatment for malaria with chloroquine resistant plasmodium?
Mefloquine, malarone, doxycycline
61
What are the adverse effects of mefloquine?
CNS effects
62
What is the treatment for babesiosis?
Quinine and clindamycin

Hematology (32 decks)

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