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CLPS 0010 > CLPS 0010 Readings - Chapter 3 > Flashcards

CLPS 0010 Readings - Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the term for sensory nerves that provide information from the skin and muscles?

A

Somatosensory nerves

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2
Q

What are terminal buttons?

A

Small nodules at the end of axons that release chemical signals from the neuron into the synapse

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3
Q

What function do the ion channels in the nodes of Ranvier serve?

A

Allow ions to pass in and out to transmit signals down the axon

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4
Q

What is neural firing?

A

The action potential!

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5
Q

What are the three major events that terminate the neurotransmitter’s influence in the synaptic cleft?

A

Reuptake enzyme deactivation, and autoreception

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6
Q

What is enzyme deactivation?

A

When an enzyme destroys the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft

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7
Q

What is autoreception?

A

When autoreceptors signal the presynaptic neuron to stop releasing the neurotransmitter if there’s an excess

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8
Q

Effects of a neurotransmitter are a function of what?

A

The receptor, not the chemical itself

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9
Q

What are agonists vs antagonists?

A

Enhance vs inhibit actions of neurotransmitters

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10
Q

What is acetylcholine for?

A

Motor control over muscles, learning, emmory, sleeping, and dreaming

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11
Q

What is epinephrine for?

A

Energy

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12
Q

What is norepinephrine for?

A

Arousal and vigilance

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13
Q

What is serotonin for?

A

Emotional states and impulsiveness, dreaming

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14
Q

What is dopamine for?

A

Reward and motivation, motor control over voluntary movement

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15
Q

What is GABA for?

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid; inhibition of action potentials, anxiety reduction, intoxication through alcohol

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16
Q

What is glutamate for?

A

Enhancement of action potentials, learning and memory

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17
Q

What are endorphins for?

A

Pain reduction, reward

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18
Q

What is substance P for?

A

Pain perception, mood, and anxiety

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19
Q

How does Ach affect skeletal and heart muscles?

A

Excites skeletal muscles, inhibits heart muscles

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20
Q

Alzheimer’s disease is associated with diminished functioning of what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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21
Q

What are the four monoamines?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

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22
Q

What are the major functions of monoamines?

A

To regulate arousal, regulate feelings, and motivate behavior

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23
Q

Depletion of what neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A

Dopamine, since it’s important for motor control

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24
Q

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system?

A

GABA

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25
Low levels of what neurotransmitter may be responsible for epileptic seizures?
GABA
26
GABA agonists are often used to treat what?
Anxiety disorders, like benzodiazepines or ethyl alcohol
27
What is the primary excitatory transmitter in the nervous system?
Glutamate
28
What does endorphin stand for?
Endogenous morphine :) cool fact!
29
What neurotransmitter is responsible for motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping, and dreaming?
Acetylcholine
30
What neurotransmitter is responsible for energy?
Epinephrine
31
What neurotransmitter is responsible for arousal and vigilance?
Norepinephrine
32
What neurotransmitter is responsible for emotional states and impulsiveness, and dreaming?
Serotonin
33
What neurotransmitter is responsible for reward and motivation, memory control over voluntary movement?
Dopamine
34
What neurotransmitter is responsible for inhibition of action potentials, anxiety reduction, intoxication through alcohol?
GABA
35
What neurotransmitter is responsible for enhancement of action potentials, learning and memory?
Glutamate
36
What neurotransmitter is responsible for pain reduction and reward?
Endorphins
37
What neurotransmitter is responsible for pain perception, mood and anxiety?
Substance P
38
What scientist gave the first strong evidence that brain regions perform specialized function?
Broca, when he performed an autopsy on his patient and found damage in the left frontal lobe and connected it to the patient's speech impairments
39
Where is Broca's area?
In the left frontal region
40
What is the difference between gray and white matter?
Gray matter is composed of mostly neuron cell bodies, but white matter I mostly axons and fatty sheaths
41
What is the brain stem?
An extension of the spinal cord; houses structures that control functions associated with survival such as breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination, and orgasm
42
What is the cerebellum?
A large convoluted protuberance at the back of the brain stem, essential for coordinated movement and balance
43
What are the three parts of the brain stem, from top to bottom?
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
44
What is the reticular formation?
A network of neurons in the brain stem, which projects up into the cerebral cortex and affects general alertness, involved in inducing and terminating the different stages of sleep
45
What area is responsible for general alertness and inducing/terminating different sleep stages?
Reticular formation
46
What happens with damage to the bottom of the cerebellum?
Head tilt, balance problems, and loss of smoother compensation of eye position for head movement
47
What happens with damage to the ridge up the back of the cerebellum?
Impaired walking ability
48
What happens with damage to the bulging loves on the either side of the cerebellum?
Loss of limb coordination
49
What is the interesting thing about the cerebellum in relation to the rest of the brain?
Seems to be trained by the rest of the nervous system and operates independently and unconsciously
50
What is the forebrain?
Consists of the two cerebral hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
51
What are some subcortical structures?
Hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and basal ganglia
52
What is the limbic system important for?
Controlling appetitive behaviors, like eating and drinking, and emotions
53
What is the hypothalamus?
Master regulatory structure: functions of internal organs, regulates body temperature, body rhythms, blood pressure, blood glucose levels; motivated behaviors like thirst, hunger, aggression, and lust
54
What brain structure is the master regulatory structure of the brain and regulates internal organ functioning, body temperature, body rhythms, blood pressure, blood glucose levels, and motivated behaviors?
Hypothalamus
55
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Right above the roof of the mouth
56
What is the thalamus?
Gateway to the cortex: receives and relays all sensory information to the cortex (except smell!); helps shut the gate to incoming sensations during sleep
57
What brain structure is the gateway to the cortex and relays all sensory info (except smell) to the cortex?
The thalamus
58
What sense is relayed to the cortex directly instead of being mediated by the thalamus?
Olfactory/sense of smell
59
What is the hippocampus?
Storage of new memories by creating new interconnections within the cerebral cortex with each new experience
60
What is the amygdala?
Learning to associate things in the world with emotional responses; enables us to overcome instinctive responses; intensifies function of memory during emotional arousal; evaluating facial expressions, sexual arousal; responses to fear
61
What brain structure is responsible for associations with emotional responses, memory function during arousal, facial expressions, fear, and arousal?
Amygdala
62
What is the basal ganglia?
Planning and producing movement, learning movement and habits; contains the nucleus accumbens for reward and motivation
63
What brain structure if responsible for planning and producing movement?
Basal ganglia
64
What is the nucleus accumbens?
In the basal ganglia, responsible for reward and motivation
65
What brain structure is responsible for reward and motivation?
Nucleus accumbens in the basal ganglia
66
What is the cerebral cortex?
The outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres that gives the brain its distinctive wrinkled appearance
67
What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Occipital, frontal, temporal, and parietal
68
What is the occipital lobe?
Back of the head, for vision; contains primary visual cortex
69
Where is the primary visual cortex?
In the occipital lobe
70
What is the parietal lobe?
Devoted to touch, info relayed to primary somatosensory cortex
71
What is the somatosensory homunculus?
HAL! The distorted representation of the body in the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe
72
What is hemineglect?
When damage to the right parietal region causes patients to fail to notice anything on their left sides
73
What is the temporal lobe?
Contains the primary auditory cortex (for hearing); contains some specialized visual areas for detail (blends with the occipital lobe for fusiform face gyrus)
74
What is the frontal lobe?
Essential for planning and movement; includes primary motor cortex; contains prefrontal cortex for directing and maintaining attention
75
What is the prefrontal cortex?
Part of the frontal lobes, responsible for directing and maintaining attention, sense of self, ability to empathize, contemplating our existence
76
What is the pineal gland for?
Bodily rhythms
77
What is the hypothalamus for?
Controls motivation and regulates body functions
78
What is the pituitary gland for?
Release of hormones
79
What is the thyroid for?
Controls how body burns energy
80
What is the parathyroid for?
Maintains calcium levels
81
What is the thymus for?
Governs immune system
82
What is the adrenal gland for?
Governs immune system
83
What is the pancreas for?
Controls digestion
84
What are the ovaries and testes for?
Influences reproduction
85
What role does protein play in growth hormone release?
Growth hormone releasing factor stimulates the release of GH, which relies on protein to build muscles/bones and also increases appetite for protein; released from pituitary gland

CLPS 0010 (14 decks)

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