CLPS 0010 Readings - Chapter 6 Flashcards
(43 cards)
What is learning?
A relatively enduring change in behavior, resulting from experience
What is conditioning?
A process in which environmental stimuli and behavioral responses become connected
What is classical conditioning?
Pavlovian: when you learn that two types of events go together
What is operant conditioning?
Instrumental: when you learn that a behavior leads ot a particular outcome
When did learning theory arise?
20th century
What is acquisition?
The gradual formation of an association between the CS and the US
What is extinction?
A process in which the CR is weakened when the CS is repeated without the US
How does contiguity increase the strength of conditioning?
When there is a brief delay between the CS and the US: anticipation
What does it mean when a CR is extinguished?
When the CS no longer predicts the US
What is spontaneous recovery?
A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the presentation of the CS
What is stimulus generalization?
Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR
What is stimulus discrimination?
A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the US
What is second-order conditioning?
When the CS doesn’t become directly associated with an US, but rather with other stimuli associated with the US
What is the concept of biological preparedness?
The genetic programming of animals/humans to fear specific objects that are potentially dangerous
What is the cognitive perspective on learning?
When psychologists increase their consideration of mental processes such as prediction and expectancy on learning
What is the Rescorla-Wagner model?
A cognitive model of classical conditioning that states that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the US is unexpected or surprising
What is orienting response?
When an animal encounters a novel stimulus and pays more attention to it: an unexpected event in the environment causes the animal to pay more attention to try to understand why
What is the blocking effect?
Once a CS is learned, it can prevent the acquisition of a new CS
What is an occasion setter?
A stimulus associated with a CS that acts as a trigger for the CS; Ex: learning that almond smell predicts food IFF sound/light accompanies it: the sound/light is the occasion setter for the almond/food association
What is the law of effect, and how does it relate to operant conditioning?
Any behavior that leads to a satisfying state of affairs is likely to occur again; relates to reinforcement/punishment for increasing/decreasing desired behaviors in operant conditioning
What is the simplified difference between reinforcement/punishment?
Increases vs decreases desired behavior
What is shaping?
Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior
What is the Premack principle?
A more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity
Which is more effective, punishment or reinforcement?
Reinforcement, obviously, says Elliot.
