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AP Psychology > Cognition and Learning > Flashcards

Cognition and Learning Flashcards

1
Q

encoding

A

the processing of information into the memory system

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2
Q

visual encoding

A

the encoding of picture images

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3
Q

acoustic encoding

A

the encoding of sound

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4
Q

semantic encoding

A

the encoding of meaning

**retains the most information

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5
Q

hippocampus

A

processes explicit memory for storage

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6
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires conscious effort and attention

ie riding a bike

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7
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental info and of well learned info
ie where you ate yesterday

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8
Q

rehearsal

A

conscious repetition of info

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9
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids, usually used as organizational devices

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10
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

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11
Q

spacing effect

A

information is better retained when learned over a period of time

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12
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to best recall the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items on a list

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13
Q

storage

A

the retention of encoded info over time

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14
Q

sensory memory

A

the immediate, initial recording of sensory info in the memory system

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15
Q

iconic memory

A

momentary visual sensory memory; lasts no more than a few tenths of a second

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16
Q

echoic memory

A

momentary auditory memory; sounds and words can be recalled within 3-4 seconds

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17
Q

short term memory (working)

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the info is stored or forgotten
lasts about 20 sec can contain 5-9 items
important info goes to long term

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18
Q

long term memory

A

the relatively permanent and unlimited storehouse of memory system

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19
Q

explicit (aka Declarative) memory

A

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

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20
Q

semantic memory

A

facts and general knowledge

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21
Q

episodic memory

A

personally experienced events

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22
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering to do something in the future

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23
Q

implicit (aka procedural) memory

A

retention without conscious recollection (such as skills)

cerebellum plays a role

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24
Q

flashbulb memories

A

a clear memory of an emotionally significant event

hormones released during emotional moments enhance the memory creation

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25
storing memories
memories are stored all throughout the brain
26
long term potentiation (LTP)
increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; the neural basis for learning and memory
27
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
28
priming
the activation of particular associations in memory ie "when i hear ____, I think of ____" Mnemonic devices
29
context effects
we remember better when we are in the same context as when we originally learned the info
30
Deja Vu
probably just cues from the current situation triggering retrieval of an earlier experience
31
mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's mood
32
recall
a measure of memory in which a person must retrieve info learned earlier without reference ie list presidents essay, short answer, fill in the blank
33
recognition
a measure of memory in which one need only identify items previously learned ie list the presidents while using a picture multiple choice
34
failure to encode
sometimes we fail to encode because there is just too much information and we don't notice small details
35
hermann ebbinghous study / curve of forgetting
learned lists of nonsense syllables (dak, bax, etc.) then measured how much he remembered from 20 mins to 30 days later (lose a lot of info right away and then there's a leveling off)
36
amnesia
the loss of memory
37
anterograde amnesia
inability to create memories
38
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall memories
39
proactive interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info PeDaL: Prior Disrupts Later ie calling your new gf by your old gf's name
40
retroactive interference
disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info | ie you call your old gf by your new gf's name
41
repression
a basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
42
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
43
imagination effect
repeatedly imagining non existent actions and events can create false memories
44
polygraphs
compare physiological responses between "control" and "relevant" questions
45
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
46
phoneme
the smallest distinctive sound units | we have trouble pronouncing phonemes of other langages
47
morpheme
the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)
48
grammar
a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
49
(deep) semantics
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language
50
(surface) syntax
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
51
how many words does the average high school graduate know?
60,000
52
babbling stage
first occurs around 4 months of age the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language resembles household language around 10 months
53
one-word stage
first occurs around 12 months of age | child mostly speaks in single words
54
two-word stage
first occurs around 24 months of age child mostly speaks in two word statements after this, child will rapidly begin formulating sentences
55
Noam Chomsky's Theory of Inborn Universal Grammar
believed humans had a "language acquisition device" (biological predisposition) to develop language (NATURE)
56
B.F. Skinner's Theory of Operant Learning
believed humans learn language through operant conditioning and social learning (NURTURE)
57
Whorf's Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (aka linguistic determinism)
the idea that language determines the way we think
58
cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
59
metacognition
the ability to analyze your own thoughts | includes the way we create concepts, solve problems, make decisions, and form judgments
60
concept
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
61
prototypes
a mental image or best example of a concept
62
algorithms
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
63
heuristics
a rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently (speedier but error prone)
64
insight
a sudden and novel realization of the solution to the problem
65
artificial intelligence
the science of designing computer systems to perform operations that mimic human thinking
66
what can computers do better than humans?
manipulate huge amounts of data, retrieve detailed information from memory, make decisions using specified rules
67
what are computers worse at than humans?
computers can not fear, desire, have beliefs or other subjective mental states
68
Animal cognition
animals think, are culturally diverse, and exhibit language | smartest animals are the equivalent to 2 year old humans
69
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
70
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information the confirms one's perception
71
fixation
the inability to see a problem from a new perspective
72
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
73
functional fixedness
the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions
74
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
75
belief perseverance
clinging to initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
76
overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct
77
barnum effect
the tendency for people to believe very vague or general characterizations of themselves
78
representativeness heuristic
a rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
79
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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