History & Approaches to Psychology

Question 1

Biological Perspective

Answer 1

how the body and brain enable emotions and sensory experiences

Question 2

Evolutionary Perspective

Answer 2

how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes

Question 3

Psychodynamic Perspective

Answer 3

how behavior springs from unconscious drives, dreams, and childhood conflicts

Question 4

Behavioral Perspective

Answer 4

how we learn observable responses (rewards and punishments)

Question 5

Humanistic Perspective

Answer 5

how each individual has great freedom of choice and a large capacity for personal growth (full potential)

Question 6

Cognitive Perspective

Answer 6

how our thought process works and how we store and remember information

Question 7

Social-Cultural Perspective

Answer 7

how thinking and behavior vary across cultures and situations

Question 8

Biopsychosocial Perspective

Answer 8

today’s modern approach which tries to combine multiple perspectives (biological, psychological, social-cultural) into one integrated analysis

Question 9

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 9

first female president of APA

Question 10

Charles Darwin

Answer 10

• natural selection
• theory of evolution
• evolutionary perspectives

Question 11

Dorothea Dix

Answer 11

reformed mental asylums

Question 12

Sigmund Freud

Answer 12

• psychoanalysis
• unconscious
• dream interpretation
• childhood conflict

Question 13

G. Stanley Hall

Answer 13

• 1st US psych lab @ john hopkins
• 1st psych journal
• 1st president of APA

Question 14

William James

Answer 14

• Functionalism: views the mind as serving the function of helping you adapt to your environment
• 1st psych textbook

Question 15

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 15

• classical conditioning

- famous for his work with dogs

Question 16

Jean Piaget

Answer 16

• Famous for work with children

- cognitive development

Question 17

Carl Rogers

Answer 17

humanistic perspective

Question 18

B.F. Skinner

Answer 18

• skinner box: rat pressing lever

- operant conditioning: rewards/punishments

Question 19

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 19

1st female Ph.D in psychology

Question 20

Edward Titchener

Answer 20

-structuralism: different structures such as sensation and thoughts make up your consciousness

Question 21

Max Wertheimer

Answer 21

-Gestalt Psychology: whole is greater than the sum of its parts; grouping principles

Question 22

John Locke

Answer 22

• Emiricism: learning from sense experience (preface to Watson’s behaviorism)
• Blank Slate: tabula rosa

Question 23

John Watson

Answer 23

• Behaviorism

- Little Albert and the white rat

Question 24

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 24

• 1st psych lab in Leipzig Germany
• introspection: thinking about thinking
• ball hitting platform study

Question 25

Psychology

Answer 25

the science of behavior and mental processes | -originated from the fields of biology and philosophy

Question 26

Biological Psychologist

Answer 26

- examines workings of the brain, nerves, body, and sensation - explores the links between the brain and the mind

Question 27

Cognitive Psychologist

Answer 27

-studies higher level brain processes like language, thinking, perception, and problem solving/memory

Question 28

Experimental Psychologist

Answer 28

-conducts experimental research studies

Question 29

Basic Research

Answer 29

aims to further psychology's knowledge base

Question 30

Applied Research

Answer 30

aims to solve practical problems

Question 31

Personality Psychologist

Answer 31

- studies how people differ from one another | - examines persistent traits over time, such as extra-version or agreeableness

Question 32

Clinical Psychologist

Answer 32

-help people improve their personal and social functioning and coping challenges

Question 33

Counseling Psychologist

Answer 33

-assess and treat disorders (mental, emotional, and behavioral)

Question 34

Social Psychologist

Answer 34

-studies hoe people influence one another and group behavior

Question 35

Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

Answer 35

- applies psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces - examines how to train employees, boost morale, design products, etc.

Question 36

Human Factors Psychology

Answer 36

a sub field that focuses on the interaction of people and machines

Question 37

Forensic Psychologist

Answer 37

- applies psychological principles to criminal investigations - studies legal issues, criminal minds, insanity

Question 38

Evolutionary Psychologist

Answer 38

- Identifies behavior patterns that are a result of genetic ancestors - examines adaptations as a result of natural selection even in humans

Question 39

Environmental Psychologist

Answer 39

-studies relationships between people and their physical environment

Question 40

Social-Cultural Psychologist

Answer 40

-investigate similarities and differences in psychological functioning among cultures

Question 41

Sports Psychologist

Answer 41

- studies psychological factors that influence participation in sports - examines motivation techniques, optimal training methods, visualization, etc.

Question 42

Developmental Psychologist

Answer 42

-studies changing abilities in people as they grow and develop from birth until death

Question 43

Educational Psychologist

Answer 43

- studies influences on learning and teaching and applies strategies to make education more productive - school psychologists are a more specific sub field that diagnose and treat cognitive, social, or emotional problems in students

Question 44

Psychometric Psychologist

Answer 44

- quantitatively studies the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits - ties into all the previous fields

Question 45

Stability vs. Change

Answer 45

-As an individual grows, does he/she tend to stay the same or change as he/she develops?

Question 46

Diversity vs. Universality

Answer 46

-Do people share more differences or similarities in a population?

Question 47

Nature vs. Nurture

Answer 47

- the longstanding controversy over the contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors - dominant view: "nurture works on what nature endows."