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AP Psychology > Developement > Flashcards

Developement Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes; get 23 from each parent

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2
Q

Identical Twins

A

twins who develop from a single zygote (fertilized egg) that splits in two, creating two genetic replicas

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3
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

twins who develop from two zygotes; genetically no closer than brothers and sisters

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4
Q

Dominant Genes

A

always are expressed, even if paired with a recessive gene

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5
Q

Recessive Genes

A

only express if paired with another recessive gene

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6
Q

Genotype

A

the actual DNA of the organism

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

the outward, physical manifestation of the genotype

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8
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

the study of the power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

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9
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

Nature: the way you were born
Nurture: the way you were raised

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10
Q

Heritability

A

proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
**Environment has an impact too

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11
Q

Natural Selection

A

inherited trait variations contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

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12
Q

Cross-Sectional Studies

A

participants of different ages studied at the same time

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13
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

one group of people studied over a period of time

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14
Q

Placenta

A

first pre-natal influence

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15
Q

Touch

A

results in faster weight gain and neurological development for both babies and animals

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16
Q

Parent influence

A

education, discipline, responsibility, orderliness, charitableness, ways of interacting with authority figures

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17
Q

Peer influence

A

learning cooperation, finding popularity, styles of peer interaction, drug behavior

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18
Q

Norms

A

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior

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19
Q

Social learning theory

A

theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

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20
Q

Gender role

A

a set of expected behaviors for males and females

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21
Q

gender identity

A

one’s sense of being male or female

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22
Q

gender-typing

A

the acquisition of a tradition masculine or feminine role (teaching your kids)

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23
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

Infancy (0-1 year)

if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

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24
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

A 
Toddler hood (1-2 years) 
Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
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25
Initiative vs guilt
Preschooler (3-6 years) | preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent
26
Industry vs. inferiority
``` Elementary School (6 years to puberty) children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior ```
27
Identity vs. Role confusion
Adolescence (teen years into 20s) teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are
28
Intimacy vs. Isolation
``` young adulthood (20s to early 40s) young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated ```
29
Generativity vs. stagnation
``` middle adulthood (40s-60s) in middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose ```
30
Integrity vs. Despair
``` Late adulthood (late 60s and up) reflecting on his or her life, and older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure ```
31
conception
the sperm attempts to penetrate the egg's surface
32
zygote
fertilized egg, first 2 weeks of development | outer part becomes placenta
33
embryo
after two weeks, lasts about 6 weeks, heart begins to beat and organs begin to develop
34
fetus
nine weeks and onward, by six months can survive outside womb, can recognize sounds and responds to light
35
teratogens
chemical agents that can harm the prenatal environment
36
habituation
decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli (how quickly they get bored)
37
maturation
biological growth pattern
38
infant memory
underdeveloped hippo campus and cortex areas result in lack of long term memory before ages 3-4
39
gross motor skills
involve large muscle activities, such as walking
40
fine motor skillls
involve more finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity
41
rooting reflex
baby turns to search and suck when cheek touched
42
moro reflex
startle response
43
babinski reflex
toes fan out when sole of foot touched
44
sensorimotor
(0-2) object permanence and baby mathematics
45
preoperational
(2-7) egocentric and pretend play
46
concrete operational
(7-11) conservation: volume and mass remain the same
47
formal operational
(12 and up) abstract reasoning: thinking about your thinking
48
Schema
mental ways we interpret/organize the world around us
49
assimilation
incorporating new experiences into existing schemas
50
accomodation
changing an existing schema to adapt to new information
51
imprinting
an automatic attachment formed very early in life
52
Harlow's monkey experiment
monkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother (need touch for attachment)
53
critical periods
the optimal period when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
54
Types of attachment
secure, avoidant(no emotion), anxious/ambivalent(always cry)
55
stranger anxiety
fear of strangers that infants commonly display, begins around 8 months
56
separation anxiety
distress the infant shows when object of attachment leaves, begins around 14 months
57
authoritarian parenting
parents impose rules and expect obedience
58
permissive parenting
submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment
59
authoritative parenting
both demanding and responsive
60
preconventional
obey to avoid punishment or attain rewards | key point: self-interest
61
conventional
uphold laws and rules because they are the laws and rules | key point: social-approval
62
postconventional
person follows what they personally perceive as ethical principles key point: ethical principles
63
physical changes of old age
muscular strength, reactionary time, sensory keeness, and cardiac output all crest in the mid twenties
64
decline in fertility
chances of pregnancy for a 35-39 year old are half that of a 19-26 year old
65
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation | occurs approximately around age 50
66
aging senses
our senses get worse with age, accident rates increase with age
67
good news about health
accumulation of antibodies result in less short term ailments (flu or cold)
68
Bad news about health
immune system weakens, making the body more susceptible to ailments such as pneumonia and cancer
69
Memory atrophy
by age 80 brain weight has decreased by 5% | overly blunt questions
70
Dementia
mental erosion of the brain (substantial loss of brain cells)
71
Alzheimer's Disease
a progressive and irreversible brain disorder | deterioration of brain cells that produce acetylcholine
72
crystallized intelligence
accumulated knowledge increases with age
73
fluid intelligence
ability to solve problems quickly and think abstractly | peaks in 20s and decreases over time
74
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events
75
stages of death and grieving
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
76
primary sex characteristics
body structures that make reproduction possible
77
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive sex characteristics
78
landmarks for puberty
girls: menarche boys: first ejaculation

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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