cvs 24 Flashcards by Hassan Khokhar

phenylalanine is used to make

tyrosine

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what is tyrosine imp for

thyroid hormone (organification)
melanin (tyrosinase)
homogentisic acid —- fumarate — TCA
NOR EPI and EPI

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steps of thyroid synthesis

oxidation
organification ( MIT DIT)
coupling

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totla t4 formula

bound T4 + Free T4

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what happens in pregnancy OCP or increase estrogenism

increase production of Thyeoid binding globulin
so bound t4 increases

FREE T4 ALWAYS REMAINS SAME
= total t4 INCREASES

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what happens in SLE athletes steroids

leads to gluconeogenesis
TBG DECREASES
so bound t4 also DECREASES

overall total t4 = DECREASES

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what could be the causes of phenylketonuria

phenylalanine hydroxylase def
BH4 def
dehydropterin reductase def (DHBR)

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increased levels of phenylalinine make

acetate
pyruvate
lactate
NEUROTOXIC to brain

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mannifestation of phenylketoniuria

mental retard
musty body odor 
seizures 
hypopigmentation skin hair eyes
eczema

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how is melanin made

tyrosine — dopa (tyrosine hydroxylase uses BH4)

dopa —- melanin (tyrosinase)

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what is malignant PKU

def of BH4

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what is BH$ used for

making tyrosine
tryptophan ——- serotonin
arginine —— NO

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essential amino acids

MATT VIL PHLy
Methionine
A
Tryptophan
Threonin
Valine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Phenylalanin
Histidine
Lysine

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basic amino acids

Histidine
Arginine
Lysine

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glucogenic amino acid

Met His sweet Valentine
Methionin
Histidine
Valine

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what is cystinuria

defect in PCT 
cant reabsp COLA
Cystine
Ornithine
Lysine 
Arginine

hexagonal kidney stones

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what happens in alcoholics

decrease Tender Loving Care For N TLCFN
Thiamine pyrophosphate ( only TPP for transketolase)
Lipoic acid
Coezyme A
FADH2/ NADH

def of propionyl coA carboxylase

proprionic acidemia

poor feeding, vomit, hypotonia, high anion gap

prop coA carboxylase works on

propionyl coA ——–> methylmalonyl coA ——> succinyl coA

cofactors needed by propionyl coA carboxylase

ABC
ATP
BIOTIN
CO2

treatment of proprionic acidema

low protein diet 
VOMIT
Valine
Odd chain fatty 
Methionin
Isoleucine
Threonin

methyl malonyl coA mutase requires co factor

B12

RLE enzyme for FA synthesis

acetyl coA carboxylase

RLE for gluconeogenesis

Fructose 1 6 bisphosphatase

citrate affects other pathways like

inhibits the RLE of glycolysis ----- PFK 1 induces F1,6 bisphosphate ---- gluconeogensis induces acetyl coA carboxylase ------ FA Synthesis

Affect of AMP on gluconeogensisn

inhibits the RLE becuase it REQUIRES ATP F1,6 BP

treatment of MCAD

NO fasting small chain fatty acids can be given IV glucose

myopathic CAT

CAT 2 FA carnitine ------> Fatty acyl coA biopsy shows increase in muscle triglycerides

homocystenemia most common cause

``` def of cystathione synthase needs B6 B9 B12 ```

macrocytic non megaloblastic anemia

``` LAD Liver Alcohol Drugs Diamond blackfan anemia ```

Cestode tapeworm

Diphyllobothrium latum consmp of larva in raw fish FISH TAPE WORM

txt of fish tape worm

praziCAntel causes calcium influx

pork tape worm

tinea solium eggs vs larva

tinea solium eggs

contaminated food iwth human feces cysticercosis neurocysticercosis SEIZURES txt albendazole

t solium larva

undercooked pork intestinal tineasis txt praziquantal

echonococcus granulosus

ingestion of eggs contaminated with dog feces INTERMEDITTE HOST sheeeep

echinococcus mannifest

hydatid cyst egg shell caclifications BIOPSY CONTRAINDICATED --- anaphylaxis

causes of b12 def

dietary | malabsp ---- pernicious , bacterial overgrowth or pancreatic isnuff

schilling test part 1

oral radiolabelled B12 + intramuscular B12 increased levels of b12 ------- dietary def low b12 levels ------- absp problem

shcilling pt 2

radiolabelled b12 + intrinsic factor b12 increases ------- pernicious anemia (means IF was missing) b12 low ----- means no dietary def and no pernicioujs

schilling pt 3

radilabelled b12 + antibiotics increased b12 ----- bacterial overgrowth low b12 --- pancreatic insufff

mechanism of metformin

glyc 3 p dehydrogenase ------ inhibits gluconeogenesis