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CVSOH BVSc4 > Dermatology - pruritus and allergy > Flashcards

Dermatology - pruritus and allergy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the itch scratch cycle?

A

When the mechanical effect of scratching temporarily stops the sensation of pruritus
The itch then gets worse from the self trauma

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2
Q

What can help to stop the sensation of pruritus?

A

Interleukins
eg. cytopoint is a interleukin 31 monoclonal antibody

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3
Q

What are flare factors?

A

Influences to the perception of pruritus

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4
Q

What are some examples of pruritus?

A

Microbial overgrowth/infection
Fleas
Dry skin
Sweating/moist skin
Psychological factors

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5
Q

What are some visual signs of pruritus in animals?

A

Licking, rolling, nibbling, pulling hair
Can look like grooming

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6
Q

What is a common dermatological hypersensitivity in horses?

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity -sweet itch

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7
Q

When does culicoides hypersensitivity usually occur?

A

April to october

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8
Q

Where does culicoides hypersensitivity usually occur?

A

Mane, tail, lateral neck

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9
Q

What drugs can you give for culicoides hypersensitivity?

A

Permethrin or cypermethrin
Antiinflammatories - antihistamines and glucocorticoids

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10
Q

What causes canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Genetically inherited inflammatory syndrome
Familial inheritance

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11
Q

What is canine atopic dermatitis typically associated with?

A

Antigen specific IgE antibodies to environmental allergens

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12
Q

When do signs of canine atopic dermatitis usually occur?

A

From 1-3 years
Rare before 6 months or after 6 years
Mostly indoors

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13
Q

Where does pruritis usually affect?

A

Face, feet, groin and axillla

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14
Q

What are the primary dermatological signs from canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Erythema and papules

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15
Q

What are common secondary infections from canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Bacterial
Malassezia infection

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16
Q

What diagnostic criteria are specific to canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Pruritus is glucocorticoid responsive
Pruritus is major or only signs
Front feet and concave aspect of pinnae are affected
Ear margins are not affected

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17
Q

What is a desensitising treatment of canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Allergen specific immunotherapy

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18
Q

What is allergen specific immunotherapy?

A

Subcut injections to desensitise to environmental allergens

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19
Q

What topical treatment is there for canine atopic dermatitis?

A

Glucocorticoids
Cyclosporin
Apoquel
Cytopoint
Antihistamines

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20
Q

What is the name for food allergy?

A

Cutaneous adverse food reaction

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of cutaneous adverse food reaction?

A

Mimic atopic dermatitis
Pruritus
Otitis externa, bacterial infections alongside

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22
Q

How do you diagnose cutaneous adverse food reaction?

A

Use hydrolysed diet, or home cooked novel protein for 8 weeks
Then rechallenge with original diet

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23
Q

What is the clinical presentation of pyoderma?

A

Intraepidermal pustules - often broken open
Epidermal collarette - caused by peripheral spread of lesions

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24
Q

What are common underlying disorders causing pyoderma?

A

Ectoparasites
Allergy - atopic dermatitis
Endocrinopathies eg. hypoadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism

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25
What is deep pyoderma?
When infection spreads into the dermis
26
What is the treatment of choice for pyoderma?
Clip coat, remove scale, crust Topical therapy - chlorhexidine 10 min soak 2-3 times weekly
27
What should you do if pyoderma reoccurs?
Culture and sensitivity of intact pustule Good for antibiotic resistance eg. MRSP (same as MRSA)
28
What is an equine microbial infection in the epidermis of the feet?
Dermatophilosis (mud fever)
29
What does dermatophilosis (mud fever) cause?
Pain (rather than pruritis) Matted hair Crusts, erosions Fissuring Lameness in horses
30
What is to note about dermatophilosis?
It is zoonotic Not the same as dermatophytosis
31
How do you diagnose dermatophilosis?
Take smears from underside of crusts Will show gram positive bacteria with branching filaments - 'tram track appearance'
32
How do you treat dermatophilosis?
Remove predisposing factors eg. moisture, biting insects, abrasive pasture Clean area with chlorhexidine 3-5 day course of penicillin
33
What is dermatophilosis called in large animals?
"Mycotic" dermatitis - but not fungal
34
What is malassezia?
An opportunistic lipid-dependent yeast pathogen normally found in ear canal, chin and interdigital areas of dogs
35
What are predisposing factors for malassezia?
Skin folds creating moisture Allergic/bacterial skin disease
36
What are the clinical signs of malassezia?
Severe pruritus Oily scale, malodour Ventral distribution - feet, face, skin folds, perianal region Otitis externa
37
How do you diagnose malassezia?
Impression smears with a dry swab Or direct slide contact
38
What does malassezia look like on cytology?
Peanut or foot shape
39
How do you treat malassezia?
Topical shampoos - chlorhexidine, miconazole Twice weekly
40
What are the 4 clinical syndromes of allergic dermatitis in cats ?
Symmetrical alopecia - self induced Papular/miliary dermatitis Ulcerative dermatitis - self trauma Eosinophilic dermatoses - granuloma complex
41
What can cause miliary dermatitis in cats? Differential diagnoses
Flea bite hypersensitivity Food allergy Feline atopic skin syndrome Ectoparasites Dermatophytosis
42
What makes up the eosinophilic granuloma complex?
Eosinophilic ulcer Eosinophilic plaque Granuloma
43
What is an eosinophilic plaque?
A pruritic raised ulcerated plaque-like lesion Due to allergic skin disease Usually in younger cats
44
What often accompanies eosinophilic plaques?
A circulating eosinophilia - lots of eosinophils in the skin
45
What is the most likely cause of eosinophilic plaques in cats?
Flea allergy
46
What is an eosinophilic ulcer?
Unilateral or bilateral ulcers on the philtrum of the upper lip Large, easily recognised Not usually painful Need to biopsy to rule out biopsy or infections
47
What are indolent ulcers?
Same as eosinophilic ulcers
48
What is the treatment for eosinophilic ulcers?
Just leave untreated if not bothering the cat Treat the underlying cause
49
What is an eosinophilic (linear) granuloma?
Idiopathic nodular granulomas Associated with peripheral circulating eosinophilia
50
Where are eosinophilic (linear) granulomas found?
In the oral cavity on the tongue, hard palate On chin and lower lip - 'pout' Can also be found on the medial aspect of the forelegs or caudal thighs Associated with skin grooming pathways
51
How do you treat eosinophilic (linear) granulomas?
Surgical debulking Glucocorticoids But difficult to treat
52
What are the clinical signs of cutaneous adverse food reaction in cats?
Non seasonal pruritus Miliary dermatitis Symmetrical alopecia
53
What is the equivalent of atopic dermatitis in cats?
Feline atopic skin syndrome
54
How is best to treat pruritic cats?
Gulcocorticoids - prednisolone Ciclosporin - expensive
55
What steroid dose do you give cats for an antiinflammatory effect?
Initial dose 1-2mg/kg/day of prednisolone
56
What dose do you give cats for an immunosuppressive effect?
Initial dose >4mg/kg/day of prednisolone
57
What are some side effects of long term glucocorticoid therapy?
PUPD Weight gain Diabetes mellitus Gastric ulceration Bacterial cystitis Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism Dermatophytosis Demodicosis
58
What is the name for the cat flea?
Ctenocephalides felis
59
What types of hypersensitivity reactions occur in flea bite hypersensitivity reactions?
Type 1 and type 4
60
What are cats sensitised to in flea bite hypersensitivity reactions?
Sensitised to the antigenic components of flea saliva
61
How can you tell if cats have fleas?
Flea excreta - cats are very efficient at removing fleas by grooming
62
What can you use to treat fleas?
Pymethrin/pyrethroids Neonicotinoids Fipronil Macrocyclic lactones Isoxazolines
63
What are some factors that can influence efficacy of flea control?
Formulation Hair coat length Bathing/swimming Use of insecticidal products Insect growth development inhibitors
64
What are some mechanical control measures of flea infestation?
Vacuuming - 30-60% of eggs removed Do not shampoo or steam clean carpets - humidity not good
65
How do you diagnose sarcoptes scabiei?
Scrape
66
How do you treat sarcoptes scabiei?
Macrocyclic lactones and isoxazolines
67
What does chorioptic mange cause?
Pruritus, alopecia, scale crust in large animals
68
Where does chorioptic mange affect horses?
Lower legs
69
Where does chorioptic mange affect cows?
Tail base, udder
70
Where does chorioptic mange affect alpacas?
Tail base Ventral abdomen Medial limbs Ears
71
How do you treat chorioptic mange?
Treat all affected and in contact animals Treat environment
72
How long do you need to treat chorioptic mange for?
6 weeks - two life cycles
73
How do you treat chorioptes in camelids?
Ivermectin Fibronil spray
74
What is a louse infection called?
Pediculosis
75
How do you treat pediculosis?
Synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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