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CVSOH BVSc4 > Endocrine - equine > Flashcards

Endocrine - equine Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 endocrinopathies of horses? How common are they?

A

Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction - common
Hypothyroidism - rare
Granulosa-theca cell tumour

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2
Q

What is PPID?

A

Decrease in production of dopamine from hypothalamus
Decrease in inhibition of pituitary so pituitary adenoma
Overproduction of POMCs (pro-opiomelanocortins)

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of PPID?

A

Long curly coat
Insulin resistance - causing laminitis
PUPD
Weight loss - high cortisol, immunosuppressed so high parasite burden
Docile
Sweat more (hyperhidrosis)

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4
Q

What is the best first line/in field test for PPID?

A

Resting plasma ACTH concentration
(not ACTH stim - this is test in dogs)

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5
Q

What tube do you use to collect blood for a resting plasma ACTH concentration test?

A

In a cold plastic EDTA tube, centrifuge for plasma

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6
Q

What is the most sensitive test for PPID (done in hospital usually)?

A

TRH stimulation test

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7
Q

How do you do a TRH stimulation test for PPID?

A

Take bloods - for baseline ACTH
Inject TRH
Take bloods 10 and 30 mins after

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8
Q

What findings will you get on a TRH stimulation test if the horse has PPID?

A

Massive response of ACTH to the TRH if positive

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9
Q

How do you treat PPID medically?

A

Pergolide - dopamine agonist, calms down pituitary (the purge for PPID)
With management eg. farriery, clipping, parasite control

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10
Q

What causes hypothyroidism in foals?

A

Too much/too little iodine intake by mare during gestation

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11
Q

What are the signs/tests of hypothyroidism in foals?

A

Thyroid enlargement - due to excess TSH secretion from low TH negative feedback
Measure T4 levels
TSH/TRH stimulation test

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12
Q

What is the prognosis for hypothyroid foals?

A

Very poor - cant be reversed as happened during development of foetus

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13
Q

What type of thyroid tumours do horses get?

A

Adenoma - unilateral enlargement but usually no thyroid dysfunction

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14
Q

What is a granulosa-theca cell tumour?

A

Benign tumour causing enlarged ovary, poor fertility
Stallion like behaviour (but not always)

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15
Q

How do you diagnose granulosa-theca cell tumour?

A

Rectal - enlarged ovary
Anti-Mullerian hormone test - elevated testosterone

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16
Q

How do you treat granulosa-theca cell tumour?

A

Surgical removal - standing laparoscopic assisted or laparotomy

17
Q

What are the 3 most common metabolic diseases of horses?

A

Equine metabolic syndrome
Hyperlipaemia
Hypocalcaemia

18
Q

What are the 3 main features of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)?

A

Obesity or regional adiposity
Insulin dysregulation/resistance
Subclinical/clinical laminitis

19
Q

What is the difference between EMS insulin dysregulation/resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A

EMS has COMPENSATED insulin resistance - high blood insulin but normal glucose levels
Type 2 diabetes - uncompensated, high insulin and glucose

20
Q

What directly causes laminitis in EMS?

A

The hyperinsulinaemia directly causes laminitis - too high insulin

21
Q

What breeds of horse are predisposed to EMS?

A

Hardy breeds - can eat less and survive as high insulin means can mobilise energy stores more easily

22
Q

What two factors increase EMS?

A

Obesity - increases insulin resistance
Lack of exercise - exercise promotes insulin sensitivity

23
Q

What is the best test for EMS?

A

Oral glucose tolerance test -
Starve overnight
Take resting glucose/insulin
Feed glucose in breakfast
Take insulin/glucose at 2-3 hours
If has EMS then will get hyperinsulinaemia and normoglycaemia

24
Q

How do you manage EMS?

A

Low carb, no concentrate diet
If thin then give calories in oil
No grass - grass muzzle
Exercise
Weight loss
Metformin - increases insulin sensitivity if diet isnt working

25
Q

What causes hyperlipaemia?

A

Stress, not eating - negative energy balance
Mobilisation of fats/lipolysis too quickly for liver to keep up - VLDLs in circulation
Causes liver/kidney failure, fat embolism and death

26
Q

What is the difference between hyperlipaemia and hyperlipidaemia?

A

Hyperlipidaemia - early stage of the same disease, cant see the fat in the blood yet though

27
Q

How do horses mobilise energy due to negative energy balance?

A

Fatty acid oxidation
Dont make ketone bodies like cows do

28
Q

What types of horse are at risk of hyperlipaemia?

A

Obesity
Ponies
In foal
Donkeys!
Insulin resistance - EMS

29
Q

What enzyme is rate limited so gets overwhelmed during hyperlipaemia?

A

Endothelial lipoprotein lipase - hormone that puts VLDLs back into fat

30
Q

How do you test for hyperlipaemia?

A

Blood triglyceride level

31
Q

How do you treat hyperlipaemia?

A

Increase energy intake/balance - glucose infusion
Treat hepatic disease
Treat stress/concurrent disease
Inhibit fat mobilisation
Increase triglyceride uptake into peripheral tissues

32
Q

What is the prognosis of hyperlipaemia?

A

60-100% mortality
0-40% chance of survival

33
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypocalcaemia due to?

A

Increased neuromuscular excitability

34
Q

What conditions/signs are caused by hypocalcaemia?

A

Synchronous diaphragmatic flutter - thumps
Hypocalcaemic tetany
Seizures
Ilius
Retained placenta

35
Q

What is thumps?

A

Diaphragmatic contractions synchronous with the heartbeat due to low calcium
After prolonged exercise

36
Q

How do you treat hypocalcaemia?

A

Max 2mg/kg/hr calcium gluconate solution - not too fast as causes CV complications

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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