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CVSOH BVSc4 > GI - lower tract pathology > Flashcards

GI - lower tract pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the stomach wall called? What are the layers of the stomach wall?

A

Mucosa
Made up of the
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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2
Q

What cell secretes hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Parietal cells

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3
Q

What cell secretes pepsin in the stomach?

A

Chief cells
(Chiefffff drinking Pepsi heheh)

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4
Q

What causes dilation of the stomach in horses?

A

Overconsumption of food
Ingesting large amounts of water
Secondary to GI obstruction, ilius, dysautomonia

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5
Q

What can gastric dilation lead to in horses?

A

Gastric rupture

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6
Q

What causes dilation and volvulus in dogs?

A

Cause not completely understood
Gastric distention, overfeeding, exercise after feeding

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7
Q

How does the stomach usually rotate during dilation and volvulus?

A

Usually clockwise (viewing from behind) from 180 to 360 degrees

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8
Q

How does the stomach change shape during dilation and volvulus?

A

Pylorus moves upwards and to opposite side, twisting oesophagus and SI over it

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9
Q

What are the potential consequences of GDV?

A

Gastric infarction
Gastric rupture
Circulatory shock - reduced venous return from portal vein and caudal vena cava
Cardiac arrhythmias
Death

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10
Q

What can cause stomach obstruction?

A

Displacements and volvulus
Foreign bodies
Impaction
Pyloric stenosis

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11
Q

What can cause pyloric stenosis?

A

Congenital - benign muscular pyloric hypertrophy
Secondary to neoplasia, inflammation, FBs

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12
Q

What can be associated with gastric ulceration?

A

Stress
Diet
NSAIDs
Neoplasia
Hypoxia

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13
Q

What are the features of gastric inflammation?

A

Hyperaemia
Thickening
Necrosis/erosion/ulceration
Haemorrhage
Fibrosis

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14
Q

What are the 4 different types of inflammatory cell infiltrate?

A

Lymphoplasmacytic
Eosinophilic
Neutrophilic
Granulomatous

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15
Q

What paraneoplastic effect increases acid secretion in the stomach?

A

Histamine release from mast cell tumours

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16
Q

What drugs cause decreased mucosal protection? How?

A

NSAIDs - inhibit prostaglandin production so less bicarbonate

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17
Q

What factors cause decreased mucosal protection?

A

Stress
Mucosal trauma
Ischaemia

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18
Q

What features do stomach neoplasms tend to have?

A

Are uncommon
Tend to be malignant

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19
Q

What is the most common gastric tumour in dogs?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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20
Q

What is the most common gastric tumour in cats?

A

Lymphoma

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21
Q

What is the most common gastric tumour in horses?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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22
Q

What do gastric adenocarcinomas look like?

A

Ulcerated craters or diffuse thickening in the gastric wall

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23
Q

What are the two types of functional obstruction of the intestines?

A

Paralytic ilius
Dysautonomia

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24
Q

What is paralytic ilius?

A

Inhibition of peristalsis secondary to otehr conditions - neurological feedback stops

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25
What is dysautonomia?
Altered intestinal motility
26
What is an example of dysautonomia?
Grass sickness in horses
27
What causes functional obstruction in the colon?
Colonic inertia
28
What causes megacolon?
Conditions causing colonic hypomotility
29
What are the 3 different types of colonic inertia?
Idiopathic - old cats Secondary to neuro disease Secondary to prolonged colonic distention
30
What else can cause colonic obstruction other than colonic inerta?
Outlet obstruction - mechanical/physical eg. , FBs, mass, pelvic fracture malunion, stricture
31
What problem would string cause if ingested?
Linear foreign body - causing intestinal obstruction by pleating/plication
32
What is it called when an animal is born without an anus?
Atresia - congenital occlusion
33
What mass can cause intestinal obstruction by strangulation?
Strangulating lipoma - pedunculated
34
How can septic peritonitis be caused without intestinal perforation?
Strangulation - ischaemia from mesenteric veins causes effusion of necrotic tissue fluid and blood into intestinal lumen Anaerobes proliferation producing gas and toxins
35
What are the 4 types of intestinal displacement?
Hernia Entrapment Volvulus and torsion Intussusception
36
What are the different kinds of hernia?
Umbilical Diaphragmatic Inguinal Through natural or acquired foramina
37
What are the potential complications of hernias?
Intestinal obstruction Intestinal strangulation Incarceration - cant be returned through the hole
38
What species are prone to intestinal entrapment? What do they get?
Horses - gastrosplenic ligament entrapment (hole in ligament)
39
What is the definition of a volvulus?
Twisting of the intestine on its mesenteric axis (twisting around in half)
40
What is the definition of a torsion?
Twisting of a tubular organ along its long axis (wringing a sock)
41
What is insussusception?
When part of the intestine folds inside itself
42
What are the terms for which bit goes where in an intussusception?
The interssisceptum telescopes into the intessuscipiens
43
What are the consequences of an intussusception?
Partial/complete intestinal obstruction Congestion, oedema, haemorrhage, necrosis etc.
44
What is the definition of diarrhoea?
Excess water relative to the proportion of dry matter within the faeces
45
What are the 4 mechanisms of diarrhoea?
Malabsorptive (osmotic) Hypersecretory Increased permeability/effusion Altered motility
46
What most commonly causes malabsorptive diarrhoea?
Villus atrophy - reduces SA for absorption
47
What are some examples of causes of villus atrophy?
Attaching and effacing e coli Rotavirus/parvovirus/coronavirus
48
What can cause hypersecretory diarrhoea?
Pathogens producing toxins that stimulate increased secretion Endogenous substances - histamine, prostinoids (inflammation)
49
What can cause increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?
Damage to mucosal integrity Vascular damage Inflammation Hypoproteinaemia
50
What happens in increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?
Conditions cause effusion of fluid and solutes/proteins from the mucosa into the intestinal lumen
51
How does inflammation cause an increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?
Increased hydrostatic pressure Impairs lipid drainage
52
How does vascular damage cause an increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?
Leakage of plasma components into lumen Or haemorrhage
53
How does damage to the mucosal integrity cause an increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?
Altered tight junction increases permeability
54
How does altered motility cause diarrhoea?
Hypermotility and decreased gut transit time reduces ability to absorb water and digest nutrients
55
Where doe parvovirus infect to cause diarrhoea?
Enterocytes in crypts - cant renew epithelial layer of villi so they collapse
56
What disease can cause impaired lymphatic drainage so cause an increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?
Lymphangiectasia
57
What is lymphangiectasia?
Obstruction of the lymphatics in the intestines
58
What are the consequences of lymphangectasia?
Dilation of lacteals (villi) Malabsorption Protein losing enteropathy Lipogranulomatous lymphangitis - creamy nodular foci
59
What can cause lymphangectasia?
Mucosal inflammatory cell infiltrates Intestinal neoplasia Mesenteric lymph node disease
60
What is the name for inflammation of the rectal mucosa?
Proctitis
61
How is inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed?
Diagnosis by exclusion - idiopathic disease
62
What are the clinical signs/pathogenic changes of inflammatory bowel disease?
Clinical signs consistent with malabsorption or plasma loss from the gut wall
63
What are the most common intestinal tumours?
Adenocarcinoma - dogs Lymphoma - cats (same as in stomach)
64
What does adenocarcinoma of the intestine look like?
Annular thickening ofthe wall Intraluminal mass protruding from the wall Fibrosis and stenosis
65
What does lymphoma of the intestines look like?
Localised/diffuse Cobblestone or granular appearance Lymph node involvement
66
What cells line the peritoneal cavity?
Mesothelial cells
67
What are some potential consequences of peritonitis?
Paralytic ileus Exudate CV system affected - shock, death Fibrinous adhesions - impaired motility
68
What is a tumour of the peritoneum?
Mesothelioma - of the mesothelium
69
What tumours can be retroperitoneal tissue tumours?
Lipomas

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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