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CVSOH BVSc4 > GI - lower tract pathology > Flashcards

GI - lower tract pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the stomach wall called? What are the layers of the stomach wall?

A

Mucosa
Made up of the
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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2
Q

What cell secretes hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

A

Parietal cells

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3
Q

What cell secretes pepsin in the stomach?

A

Chief cells
(Chiefffff drinking Pepsi heheh)

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4
Q

What causes dilation of the stomach in horses?

A

Overconsumption of food
Ingesting large amounts of water
Secondary to GI obstruction, ilius, dysautomonia

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5
Q

What can gastric dilation lead to in horses?

A

Gastric rupture

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6
Q

What causes dilation and volvulus in dogs?

A

Cause not completely understood
Gastric distention, overfeeding, exercise after feeding

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7
Q

How does the stomach usually rotate during dilation and volvulus?

A

Usually clockwise (viewing from behind) from 180 to 360 degrees

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8
Q

How does the stomach change shape during dilation and volvulus?

A

Pylorus moves upwards and to opposite side, twisting oesophagus and SI over it

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9
Q

What are the potential consequences of GDV?

A

Gastric infarction
Gastric rupture
Circulatory shock - reduced venous return from portal vein and caudal vena cava
Cardiac arrhythmias
Death

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10
Q

What can cause stomach obstruction?

A

Displacements and volvulus
Foreign bodies
Impaction
Pyloric stenosis

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11
Q

What can cause pyloric stenosis?

A

Congenital - benign muscular pyloric hypertrophy
Secondary to neoplasia, inflammation, FBs

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12
Q

What can be associated with gastric ulceration?

A

Stress
Diet
NSAIDs
Neoplasia
Hypoxia

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13
Q

What are the features of gastric inflammation?

A

Hyperaemia
Thickening
Necrosis/erosion/ulceration
Haemorrhage
Fibrosis

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14
Q

What are the 4 different types of inflammatory cell infiltrate?

A

Lymphoplasmacytic
Eosinophilic
Neutrophilic
Granulomatous

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15
Q

What paraneoplastic effect increases acid secretion in the stomach?

A

Histamine release from mast cell tumours

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16
Q

What drugs cause decreased mucosal protection? How?

A

NSAIDs - inhibit prostaglandin production so less bicarbonate

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17
Q

What factors cause decreased mucosal protection?

A

Stress
Mucosal trauma
Ischaemia

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18
Q

What features do stomach neoplasms tend to have?

A

Are uncommon
Tend to be malignant

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19
Q

What is the most common gastric tumour in dogs?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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20
Q

What is the most common gastric tumour in cats?

A

Lymphoma

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21
Q

What is the most common gastric tumour in horses?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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22
Q

What do gastric adenocarcinomas look like?

A

Ulcerated craters or diffuse thickening in the gastric wall

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23
Q

What are the two types of functional obstruction of the intestines?

A

Paralytic ilius
Dysautonomia

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24
Q

What is paralytic ilius?

A

Inhibition of peristalsis secondary to otehr conditions - neurological feedback stops

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25
Q

What is dysautonomia?

A

Altered intestinal motility

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26
Q

What is an example of dysautonomia?

A

Grass sickness in horses

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27
Q

What causes functional obstruction in the colon?

A

Colonic inertia

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28
Q

What causes megacolon?

A

Conditions causing colonic hypomotility

29
Q

What are the 3 different types of colonic inertia?

A

Idiopathic - old cats
Secondary to neuro disease
Secondary to prolonged colonic distention

30
Q

What else can cause colonic obstruction other than colonic inerta?

A

Outlet obstruction - mechanical/physical
eg. , FBs, mass, pelvic fracture malunion, stricture

31
Q

What problem would string cause if ingested?

A

Linear foreign body - causing intestinal obstruction by pleating/plication

32
Q

What is it called when an animal is born without an anus?

A

Atresia - congenital occlusion

33
Q

What mass can cause intestinal obstruction by strangulation?

A

Strangulating lipoma - pedunculated

34
Q

How can septic peritonitis be caused without intestinal perforation?

A

Strangulation - ischaemia from mesenteric veins causes effusion of necrotic tissue fluid and blood into intestinal lumen
Anaerobes proliferation producing gas and toxins

35
Q

What are the 4 types of intestinal displacement?

A

Hernia
Entrapment
Volvulus and torsion
Intussusception

36
Q

What are the different kinds of hernia?

A

Umbilical
Diaphragmatic
Inguinal
Through natural or acquired foramina

37
Q

What are the potential complications of hernias?

A

Intestinal obstruction
Intestinal strangulation
Incarceration - cant be returned through the hole

38
Q

What species are prone to intestinal entrapment? What do they get?

A

Horses - gastrosplenic ligament entrapment (hole in ligament)

39
Q

What is the definition of a volvulus?

A

Twisting of the intestine on its mesenteric axis (twisting around in half)

40
Q

What is the definition of a torsion?

A

Twisting of a tubular organ along its long axis (wringing a sock)

41
Q

What is insussusception?

A

When part of the intestine folds inside itself

42
Q

What are the terms for which bit goes where in an intussusception?

A

The interssisceptum telescopes into the intessuscipiens

43
Q

What are the consequences of an intussusception?

A

Partial/complete intestinal obstruction
Congestion, oedema, haemorrhage, necrosis etc.

44
Q

What is the definition of diarrhoea?

A

Excess water relative to the proportion of dry matter within the faeces

45
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of diarrhoea?

A

Malabsorptive (osmotic)
Hypersecretory
Increased permeability/effusion
Altered motility

46
Q

What most commonly causes malabsorptive diarrhoea?

A

Villus atrophy - reduces SA for absorption

47
Q

What are some examples of causes of villus atrophy?

A

Attaching and effacing e coli
Rotavirus/parvovirus/coronavirus

48
Q

What can cause hypersecretory diarrhoea?

A

Pathogens producing toxins that stimulate increased secretion
Endogenous substances - histamine, prostinoids (inflammation)

49
Q

What can cause increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?

A

Damage to mucosal integrity
Vascular damage
Inflammation
Hypoproteinaemia

50
Q

What happens in increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?

A

Conditions cause effusion of fluid and solutes/proteins from the mucosa into the intestinal lumen

51
Q

How does inflammation cause an increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?

A

Increased hydrostatic pressure
Impairs lipid drainage

52
Q

How does vascular damage cause an increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?

A

Leakage of plasma components into lumen
Or haemorrhage

53
Q

How does damage to the mucosal integrity cause an increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?

A

Altered tight junction increases permeability

54
Q

How does altered motility cause diarrhoea?

A

Hypermotility and decreased gut transit time reduces ability to absorb water and digest nutrients

55
Q

Where doe parvovirus infect to cause diarrhoea?

A

Enterocytes in crypts - cant renew epithelial layer of villi so they collapse

56
Q

What disease can cause impaired lymphatic drainage so cause an increased permeability/effusion diarrhoea?

A

Lymphangiectasia

57
Q

What is lymphangiectasia?

A

Obstruction of the lymphatics in the intestines

58
Q

What are the consequences of lymphangectasia?

A

Dilation of lacteals (villi)
Malabsorption
Protein losing enteropathy
Lipogranulomatous lymphangitis - creamy nodular foci

59
Q

What can cause lymphangectasia?

A

Mucosal inflammatory cell infiltrates
Intestinal neoplasia
Mesenteric lymph node disease

60
Q

What is the name for inflammation of the rectal mucosa?

A

Proctitis

61
Q

How is inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed?

A

Diagnosis by exclusion - idiopathic disease

62
Q

What are the clinical signs/pathogenic changes of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Clinical signs consistent with malabsorption or plasma loss from the gut wall

63
Q

What are the most common intestinal tumours?

A

Adenocarcinoma - dogs
Lymphoma - cats
(same as in stomach)

64
Q

What does adenocarcinoma of the intestine look like?

A

Annular thickening ofthe wall
Intraluminal mass protruding from the wall
Fibrosis and stenosis

65
Q

What does lymphoma of the intestines look like?

A

Localised/diffuse
Cobblestone or granular appearance
Lymph node involvement

66
Q

What cells line the peritoneal cavity?

A

Mesothelial cells

67
Q

What are some potential consequences of peritonitis?

A

Paralytic ileus
Exudate
CV system affected - shock, death
Fibrinous adhesions - impaired motility

68
Q

What is a tumour of the peritoneum?

A

Mesothelioma - of the mesothelium

69
Q

What tumours can be retroperitoneal tissue tumours?

A

Lipomas

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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