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CVSOH BVSc4 > GI - bovine metabolic disease > Flashcards

GI - bovine metabolic disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main metabolic diseases in cows?

A

Hypocalcaemia
Hypomagnesaemia
Ketosis
Fatty liver disease

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2
Q

Why does low calcium cause problems in cows?

A

Ca needed for the release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Impaired acetylcholine release in muscles - smooth more susceptible but both affected

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3
Q

What problems does hypocalcaemia cause in cows?

A

Dystocia
Prolapsed uterus
retained foetal membranes
Endometritis
Ketosis
Gut stasis

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4
Q

What cows are at risk of getting hypocalcaemia?

A

Third lactation or more
Jerseys, holsteins
High calcium diet in dry period
High BCS
Stress at calving
Complete milking after calving

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5
Q

What other electrolyte affects hypocalcaemia?

A

Magnesium - hypomagnesaemia reduced rate of calcium mobilisation

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6
Q

What does DCAD stand for?

A

Dietary cationic-anionic difference

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7
Q

How does acidosis/alkalosis affect calcium levels?

A

Alkalosis (DCAD high in cations) causes kidney to be less responsive to PTH

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8
Q

What is the typical position of cows with stage 2 hypocalcaemia?

A

S shaped neck, head pulled to body
Sternal recumbency
Bulging anus - distended with faeces

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9
Q

What are some signs of stage 1 hypocalcemia?

A

Still standing but swaying, tremors
Apprehension, refuses concentrates

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10
Q

What is stage 3 hypocalcaemia?

A

Lateral recumbancy - on side
Comatose
Bloat
Cold temp
Low resp rate
Die

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11
Q

What are some differentials for the symptoms of hypocalcaemia?

A

Injuries - fractures, nerve paralysis (might also be caused by milk fever)
Mastitis/metritis/enteritis/peritonitis
Ruminal acidosis

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12
Q

How do you treat hypocalcaemia?

A

Put in sternal recumbency, halter on
IV calcium - given slowly for CV changes
(Subcut Ca might slow upregulation of Ca)

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13
Q

What is the prognosis of hypocalcaemia with treatment of IV Ca?

A

60% will rise in 30 mins
15% in 2 hours
10% for more than 24 hours but recover
15% die

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14
Q

Will giving phosphorus (foston) help hypocalcaemia?

A

No evidence this will help but doesnt do any damage and will keep farmer happy

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15
Q

What is ketosis?

A

Incomplete metabolism of volatile fatty acids due to deficiency of oxaloacetate precursors (proprionate) for producing glucose for milk production
Means acetate and butyrate have to bind with acetyl CoA instead which produces ketones as a byproduct

If acetyl CoA production outstrip oxaloacetate production, ketone bodies are formed

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16
Q

What is the main issue with ketosis?

A

It is production limiting - not usually non fatal but cant produce lactose for milk production

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17
Q

Which ketone body do we test for? Why?

A

Beta-hydroxybutyrate - more stable, less volatile

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18
Q

When does ketosis tend to occur? What animals are predisposed?

A

Winter - nutrition worse
High production dairy cows
Overweight at calving - use own body reserves rather than eating

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of ketosis?

A

Inappetance
Milk drop
Rapid weight loss
Acetone on breath
Faeces firm and dry

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20
Q

What is seen on bloods/urinalysis in cows with ketosis?

A

Hyperketonaemia
Hypoglycaemia
Ketonuria

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21
Q

What is fat cow syndrome?

A

Over-fat dairy cows at time of calving
Inappetant in last week prepartum
Increased metabolic disease, LDA, metritis, mastitis
Ketosis
Liver disease - fatty liver
Recumbence, death

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22
Q

What is pregnancy toxaemia in cows? What cows are affected?

A

Same mechanism as ketosis
Cows in late gestation, carrying twins

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23
Q

What are the findings of fat cow syndrome on gross pathology?

A

Fat, rounded, yellowish liver
Yellowing of cortex/medulla of kidney

24
Q

How do you treat fat cow syndrome/ketosis?

A

Intravenous glucose - stops need for oxalo-acetic acid

25
Q

What is a metabolic profile? When do you use it?

A

Blood biochemistry measurement of 5-10 cows from each group
To help with managing a herd with high incidence of postpartum problems

26
Q

What does a metabolic profile measure?

A

Beta-hydroxybutyrate - for ketones
Glucose
Free fatty acids
Urea
Albumin/globulin
Mg, P, Ca
Liver enzymes
Bile acids

27
Q

What are some other names for hypomagnesaemia?

A

Lactation tetany
Grass staggers

28
Q

What is the action of magnesium in the body? What does low magnesium cause?

A

Controlling, inhibitory effect on nerve and muscle activity
If low then get involuntary muscle spasms and contractions, progressing to death
Also interferes with PTH/Ca mobilisation

29
Q

How do cows get magnesium? How much do they need?

A

Cant store it in their body - must get it from their diet every day
Need around 5g every day

30
Q

What are the main causes of hypomagnesaemia?

A

Adverse weather - stop eating to shelter
Stress
Lush grass - low Mg levels
Less concentrates
Fertiliser use

31
Q

What are the 3 different forms of hypomagnesaemia?

A

Acute - spring and autumn when turned out onto lush pasture
Chronic- suckler cows at end of winter after poor diet
Subclinical - late dry period, especially pregnant dairy cows at grass

32
Q

When do calves get hypomagnesaemia?

A

Whole milk tetany - milk with insufficient quantities of magnesium

33
Q

How can you tell if a cow found dead is from hypomagnesaemia?

A

Inform APHA as suspect anthrax case
There will be no diagnostic post mortem lesions - take CSF/aqueous humour Mg levels if less than 24hrs after death

34
Q

What are the clinical signs of hypomagnesaemia?

A

Nervous, excitable
Tremors
Frothing at mouth
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Coma
Death

35
Q

What are the differentials for acute hypomagnesaemia?

A

Hypocalcaemia
Acute listeriosis
BSE
Acute lead poisoning

36
Q

What are the differentials for a found dead cow?

A

Anthrax
Bloat
Hypocalcaemia
Poisoning

37
Q

How do you treat hypomagnesaemia?

A

Xylazine - sedative
Blood sample
Give calcium gluconate with magnesium hypophosphite followed by magnesium sulphate
Monitor heart
NEVER give straight magnesium IV - will kill

38
Q

How do you prevent hypomagnesaemia?

A

Avoid lush grass/fertilising grazing fields
Magnesium supplementation - bolus, in water, concentrates, Mg bullets, licks
Clover

39
Q

What are the macrominerals involved in bovine nutrition?

A

Calcium
Magnesium

40
Q

What are the trace elements involved in bovine nutrition?

A

Copper/molybdenum
Cobalt
Selenium
Iodine

41
Q

What are the two main vitamins involved in bovine nutrition?

A

Vitamin E
Vitamin A

42
Q

What is the role of copper in the body?

A

Oxygen metabolism
Enzyme systems

43
Q

What does copper deficiency cause?

A

Ill thrift
Poor coat condition (spectacles)
Chronic scour
Poor fertility

44
Q

What can cause copper deficiency?

A

Molybdenum - in pastures, particularly in somerset

45
Q

What is the role of selenium in the body?

A

Powerful antioxidant when combined with vitamin E
Immune function

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of selenium deficiency?

A

Retained foetal membranes
Increased mastitis/metritis
White muscle disease - non functional muscles

47
Q

What is the role of iodine in the body?

A

Thyroid hormones
Control of basal metabolic rate

48
Q

What does iodine deficiency cause?

A

If in pregnant cattle - still birth, sickly calves with goitre

49
Q

What investigations do you carry out on cows with nutritional/metabolic disease?

A

BCS
DMI/rumen fill, feed space and presentation - are they eating well
Silage clamps/analysis
Metabolic profiling
Transition management
Cow comfort

50
Q

What is the aim with faecal consistency?

A

Semisolid with indentation
Slow hand clap
Consistency within group

51
Q

What is the target pH of silage on silage analysis?

A

4.5 pH

52
Q

When is peak lactation in a cow?

A

8-12 weeks

53
Q

How does negative energy balance affect the constituents of the milk?

A

Reduces milk protien

54
Q

How does fat mobilisation affect the constituents of the milk?

A

Increases milk butterfat - but this is usually driven by increasing the neutral detergent fibre content of the ration

55
Q

What would you measure to assess liver function in cattle?

A

Albumin
AST
GGT
GLDH
Haptoglobin
Total protein

56
Q

What is glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) an indicator for?

A

Selenium levels in cows

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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