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CVSOH BVSc4 > Lame - Equine muscle disorders > Flashcards

Lame - Equine muscle disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What can you assess on clinical exam for equine muscle disorders?

A

Degree and symmetry
Firmness

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2
Q

What causes rapid muscle atrophy?

A

Neurogenic atrophy

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3
Q

What does a base narrow stance indicate?

A

Weakness - elephant on a tub

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4
Q

What are the main two muscle enzymes?

A

Creatine kinase
AST

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5
Q

What is the kinetic for CK?

A

Peaks at 4-6 hours
Rises higher but reduces quicker

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6
Q

What is the kinetics for AST?

A

Peaks at 24 hours, but takes a couple of weeks to return to normal

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7
Q

What does it mean if both CK and AST are high?

A

Muscle damage - happened over 24 hours ago

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8
Q

What does it mean if CK is high but AST is normal?

A

Acute muscle damage

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9
Q

What does it mean if CK is normal but AST is very high?

A

Two weeks after known case of muscle damage

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10
Q

What does it mean if CK is normal and AST is slightly elevated?

A

Red herring - AST is not muscle wastage specific, can mean liver damage too

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11
Q

What can cause dark coloured urine in horses?

A

Myoglobinuria

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12
Q

Why would there by myoglobin in the urine?

A

From break down of muscle cells

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13
Q

What can myoglobinuria cause?

A

Nephrotoxic - acute renal failure

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14
Q

When is myoglobinuria seen?

A

Typically only in severe rhabdomyolysis cases

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15
Q

Where do you do a muscle biopsy in horses?

A

Semimembranosus
Tail head for equine motor neurone disease

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16
Q

What method do you use for an equine muscle biopsy? What needle?

A

Bergstrom needle
Open method

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17
Q

What are the big two myopathies?

A

Exercise associated myopathies
Atypical myopathy

18
Q

What are the 3 exercise associated myopathies?

A

Exertional rhabdomyolysis
Polysaccharide storage myopathy

19
Q

What are the two types of exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Sporadic - one off, unusual occurrence
Recurrent episodes - from underlying conditions

20
Q

What muscles does sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis effect?

A

Hindlimb muscles

21
Q

What are the clinical signs of sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Stiff gait
Refuse to move
Hard, painful muscles
Distress - like a cramp

22
Q

What is the cause of sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Overtraining
After a rest period without reducing food
Dietary deficiencies - electrolytes

23
Q

How do you diagnose exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Measure CK and AST

24
Q

What is the treatment for exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Rest
NSAIDs
IV fluids if severe

25
Q

How do you prevent sporadic exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Regular exercise
Warm up/cool down
Dont overexert
Reduce feed when exercise drops
Electrolyte/vitamin supplement

26
Q

What type of horse is recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis seen in?

A

Thoroughbreds - usually very fit fillies

27
Q

What is usually the cause of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

An abnormality in calcium regulation

28
Q

How do you prevent recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis?

A

Feed a high fat low starch diet
Exercise daily
Dantrolene - muscle relaxant

29
Q

What is polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)?

A

A glycogen storage disorder so glycogen and abnormal polysaccharides build up in muscle type 2 fibres

30
Q

What type of horse is polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) seen in?

A

Draught horses
Quarter horses
Warm bloods
NOT pure thoroughbreds

31
Q

What are the two different types of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)?

A

Type 1 - mutation in glycogen synthase enzyme
Type 2 - no mutation

32
Q

What type of horses is type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) seen in?

A

European draught horses
Uncommon in British ones

33
Q

What are the clinical signs of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)?

A

Acute episodes of tying up
Gait abnormalities
Painful hindquarter muscles - more difficult to ride
Difficulty lifting limbs

34
Q

How do you treat polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM)?

A

Rest and NSAIDs for acute episodes
High fat low starch diet

35
Q

What can you feed horses on a high fat low starch diet?

A

Just add vegetable oil - unpalatable, can go rancid, large amounts
Commercially prepared high fat balanced feeds

36
Q

What can cause an atypical myopathy?

A

Hypogycin A toxin in helicopter seeds/leaves from sycamore tree

37
Q

What is an atypical myopathy?

A

When a horse is found recumbent/sudden death in the field
Not associated with exercise

38
Q

When do atypical myopathies happen more?

A

In autumn - falling seeds/leaves

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of atypical myopathy?

A

Sudden onset muscle weakness/stiffness
Recumbency
Normal appetite
Respiratory difficulty
Choke - weak neck muscles
Death

40
Q

What is the treatment for atypical myopathy?

A

Intensive care, nursing
IV fluids
Regular turning
Analgesic

41
Q

How do you prevent atypical myopathy?

A

Avoid affected fields or fence off around trees

42
Q

What blood tube do you use for testing for CK?

A

Green - heparin anticoagulant
Red - plain tube

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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