Ophthalmology - basic steps of examination

Question 1

What are some signs of abnormal ocular conformation?

Answer 1

Sclera showing
Discharge
Colour change
3rd eyelid protruding
Cloudy

Question 2

What produces the aqueous humour?

Answer 2

Ciliary body

Question 3

What makes up the neural tunic?

Answer 3

Retina

Question 4

What makes up the vascular tunic?

Answer 4

Choroid plexus

Question 5

What makes up the fibrous tunic?

Answer 5

Sclera

Question 6

Where can you find lists of breeds that are affected by inherited eye diseases?

Answer 6

BVA/KC eye scheme

Question 7

What is the separation between the upper and lower eyelids called?

Answer 7

Palpebral fissure

Question 8

Where is the anterior chamber located?

Answer 8

Between the cornea and the lens

Question 9

Where is the posterior chamber located?

Answer 9

Between the iris and the ciliary body

Question 10

What suspend the lens?

Answer 10

Zonules/suspensory ligaments
Ciliary bodies

Question 11

What is parallax and what is it used for?

Answer 11

When the thing that is furthest away will move in the same direction as you
The thing that is closer will move further out the way - move more
Tell whereabouts structures are located in the eye

Question 12

What is the name of the test which tests for tear production?

Answer 12

Schirmer tear test

Question 13

What is the normal schirmer tear test for dogs?

Answer 13

15-25mm in 1 min

Question 14

What are some tests used in a neurophthalmic exam?

Answer 14

Menace response
Visual tracking
Visual placing
Maze test - moving in a new environment

Question 15

What are some neurophthalmic reflexes?

Answer 15

Palpebral reflex
Corneal reflex
Pupillary light reflex
Dazzle reflex
Oculo-cephalic reflex - globe movement with skull

Question 16

What can be seen on close direct exam?

Answer 16

Anterior segment
Eyelids
cornea
Iris
Pupil
Front of lens

Question 17

What dioptre power should you use for converging lenses in an ophthalmoscope?

Answer 17

+10/+15/+20 dioptre power
Increased power = increased magnification
But shorter focal distance - need to get closer

Question 18

How can you sample from the conjunctiva or cornea?

Answer 18

Sterile cotton bud
Cytobrush

Question 19

What should you do before sampling from the conjunctiva or cornea?

Answer 19

Apply local anaesthetic
Do not put diagnostic drops in before sampling

Question 20

What is the normal intraocular pressure of a dogs eye?

Answer 20

10-25 mmHg

Question 21

What can you use to dilate the pupil?

Answer 21

Mydriatic - 1% tropicamide

Question 22

What is the onset and duration of action of 1% tropicamide?

Answer 22

Onset- 10-20 mins
Duration - 6-8 hours

Question 23

Why do you use a mydriatic/pupil dilator?

Answer 23

Enables much better view of the fundus

Question 24

How do you do an posterior segment examination (fundus)?

Answer 24

Close direct ophthalmoscopy using ophthalmoscope
Indirect ophthalmoscopy

Question 25

What setting should the ophthalmoscope be on to carry out close direct ophthalmoscopy?

Answer 25

Setting 0

Question 26

What do you need to carry out indirect ophthalmoscopy?

Answer 26

20D/30D Condensing lens - gives a bigger field of view
A light source

Question 27

What does the image look like through a condensing lens?

Answer 27

Inverted and reversed