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Exotics - rabbits Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main aetiologies of rabbit dental disease?

A

Inadequate attrition - not getting worn down
Metabolic bone disease - jaw bone weakened

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2
Q

What is the correct diet for rabbits?

A

Lots of grass/hay
Some green leafy vegetation
Tiny amount of pellets

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3
Q

What indicates dental disease in rabbits on distant exam?

A

Epiphora - presence or absence
Obvious incisor elongation
Grossly evident abscessation
drooling
Eye globe position

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4
Q

What teeth are continuously growing in rabbits, hystricomorphs, scuriomorphs and rodents?

A

Rabbits - all
Chinchillas and cavies - all
Squirrels, chipmunks - only incisors
Rodents - only incisors

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5
Q

What do chincilla/cavies incisors look like?

A

Lower incisors longer than upper incisors
Slightly orange in chincillas

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6
Q

How do you do a concious intraoral examination on rodents/rabbits?

A

Otoscope - plastic cone
Little finger in diastema to palpate spurs

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7
Q

How do you examine intraorally under anaesthesia?

A

Head clamp/nurse positioning
Endoscopy
Radiography

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8
Q

How do you treat rodent/rabbit incisor overgrowth?

A

Regular trimming with dental burr
Removal

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9
Q

When do you remove incisors in rabbits?

A

When the teeth are never going to meet so arent functional and will just have to keep clipping them for the rest of the rabbits life

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10
Q

What is the name for dental problems causing blockage of the nasolacrimal duct?

A

Dacryocystitis

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11
Q

What are the essentials of cheek tooth treatment?

A

Take teeth out of traumatic occlusion with soft tissues
Allow normal anatomical closure of mouth
Remove loose/abscessated teeth
Will never restore normal anatomy though - jaw changes

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12
Q

How do you know how much of the cheek teeth to trim?

A

Image

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13
Q

When can you clip cheek teeth?

A

For removal of angled small spurs going into tongue ONLY

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14
Q

What are the issues with filing cheek teeth in rabbits?

A

Never do it - slow, jarring, inefficient method
Massive risk of hitting vessel at angle of jaw - fatal

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15
Q

What is the method of choice for crown reduction and shaping of cheek teeth in rabbits?

A

Burring

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16
Q

How do you treat rodent teeth overgrowth?

A

Trim - only incisors grow

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17
Q

In rabbits and chinchillas which is wider - maxilla or mandible?

A

Chinchillas - mandible is wider than the maxilla
Rabbits - maxilla is wider than the mandible
But both dont bring both sides into occlusion at the same time

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18
Q

How do chinchilla cheek teeth tend to overgrow?

A

Grow very long before getting noticed - grow forward into the diastema so dont hit anything for a while
Dont tend to form spurs which affect the tongue
Stab into buccal mucosa

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19
Q

What are the main GI diseases that rabbits get?

A

Hypomotility disorders - cant vomit
Hypermotility disorders and caecotrophs - diarrhoea

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20
Q

How do rabbits normally eat?

A

Lots of low nutritional value food (grass) continuously over long periods of time
Caecotrophs

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21
Q

What is the purpose of indigestible ‘long’ fibre in rabbit diets?

A

Dental attrition
Gut motility stimulation

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22
Q

What is the purpose of digestible ‘short’ fibre in rabbit diets?

A

Substrate for caecal fermentation (caecotroph formation)

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23
Q

What are the two phases of rabbit caecum motility?

A

1 - just gets rid of long fibre
2 - Soft faecal component phase - short fibre ferments to get extra nutrition out of grass

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24
Q

What are caecotrophs? How do they work?

A

Full of bacteria and covered in mucous
Carry on fermenting until stomach acids digest them, kill bacteria and absorb the nutrients that are left in SI

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25
What does a high carb diet cause in rabbits?
Change in caecal flora/caecal pH GI stasis, enteritis, caecotrophs not being eaten
26
What are the 5 causes of gut stasis?
Pain Stress Dehydration Obesity Abdominal lesions/obstruction/adhesion/neoplasia
27
What are two common causes of pain causing gut stasis?
Pain following surgery - pre-emptive analgesia needed Urological pain - uroliths, sludgy urine
28
How do you tell it is obstructive and non GI stasis in rabbits?
Obstructive - sudden onset, moderate to severe depression Marked abdominal pain Hunched Shock/dehydration
29
What does obstructive gut stasis in rabbits look like on radiograph?
Gas proximal to site of obstruction Bubbles of gas rather than halo in stomach
30
What are the signs of non-obstructive GI stasis in rabbits?
Slow insidious onset Gradual decrease in size of faecal pellets Craving high fibre items Normal hydration to moderate dehydration Normal demeanor progressing to depression
31
What is seen on radiograph in rabbits with non obstructive gut stasis/ilius?
Impacted material in stomach/caecum Halo of gas around them
32
How does duration of ileus affect prognosis in rabbits?
Longer the rabbit is not eating, the more dehydrated and impacted Permanent and irreversible ileus can develop
33
What can cause impaction in the caecum of rabbits?
Cat litter as bedding
34
What is the most important finding on biochem/haem of ileus in rabbits?
Gradual increase in blood glucose indicates blockage
35
How do you treat obstructive ileus in rabbits?
Aggressive fluid therapy Analgesia Surgery - ex lap
36
What are some common sites of GI obstruction in rabbits?
Ileocaecal valve Sacculus rotundus Pylorus
37
What are some common GI FBs in rabbits?
Locust bean pods Fur mats
38
How do you treat non obstructive ileus in rabbits?
Abdominal massage Exercise Probiotics GI prokinetics - ranitidine, metoclopramide Laxative s Enema Enzymes
39
How can you encourage feeding in rabbits?
Direct feeding by mouth Naso-gastric tubes
40
How quick can you make a rabbit lose weight?
No more than 1.5% bodyweight per week - go into ketotic crisis
41
What is a big cause of shock in rabbits?
Diarrhoea
42
What can cause diarrhoea in rabbits?
Dietary upset Bacterial overgrowth Viral infection - rota, coronavirus Coccidiosis
43
What is massive dietary change likely to cause in rabbits?
Change in caecotroph nature May cause diarrhoea also
44
What can cause bacterial overgrowth in rabbits?
Poor diet Antibiotic use
45
What causes hair loss in rabbits?
Normal moulting - twice a year, from head and proceeding caudally Females have dewlap - pull fur out to line nest when pregnant
46
What causes dermatological disease in guinea pigs?
Vitamin C deficiency - cant synthesise so need to get from the diet
47
How do guinea pigs maintain their fur?
Scent/grease gland over rump - greasy fur
48
How do chinchillas maintain their very dense fur?
Must have daily sand bath Avoid humidity
49
What is a defence mechanism that chinchillas use?
Fur-slip
50
What are common rabbit derm conditions?
Cheyletiella mites Fly strike Pododermatitis Pasteurellosis
51
What are common guinea pig derm conditions?
Sarcoptic mange Dermatophytosis (ringworm) Cystic ovarian disease Vitamin C deficiency
52
What is the most common ectoparasite seen in rabbits?
Cheyletiella parasitovorax mites - causes scurfy skin (white flakes in fur), scaling, hair loss
53
What type of rabbits are cheyletiella mites most common in?
Immunocompromised rabbits Not grooming
54
How do you treat cheyletiella in rabbits?
Ivermectin
55
What is the ear mite found in rabbits?
Psoroptes cuniculi - very pruritic
56
How are psoroptes cuniculi mites spread?
Direct contact Survive 3 weeks in the environment
57
How do you treat psoroptes cuniculi ear mite in rabbits?
Ivermectin Analgesia Dont pull crusting off - very painful
58
What is the main ectoparasite in guinea pigs?
Trixacarus caviae - sarcoptic mite
59
What mites are zoonotic to humans in rabbits/hystricomorphs/rodents?
Cheyletiella - rabbits Trixacarus caviae - sarcoptic mite in guinea pigs
60
What is a vector for myxomatosis?
European rabbit flea
61
What fleas do rabbits get?
Ctenocephalides felis - cat flea Spillopsyllus cuniculi - european house flea
62
How do you treat rabbit fleas?
Imidacloprid, permethrin NOT fipronil (frontline) - will kill them
63
What causes fly strike in rabbits?
Perineal faecal soiling Urine soiling/scald Dental disease, obesity, low fibre diet - cant clean Attract flies - lucilia (greenbottle) eggs hatch and L2 larvae digest tissue
64
How do you treat shock from myiasis (fly strike)?
Fluids, analgesia, antibiotics Feeding Sedation, clip and clean Ivermectin Euthanase in severe cases
65
What is pododermatitis?
Bacterial skin disease (staph, strep) on feet of rabbits, G pigs causing chronic ulcerative state
66
What are the predisposing factors for pododermatitis?
Obesity Vit C deficiency Rough flooring Wet/soiled bedding
67
How do you treat pododermatitis in rabbits/G pigs?
Address husbandry Antibiotics Analgesia Surgical debridement Bandages
68
What can chronic infection such a pododermatitis cause in G pigs?
Amyloidosis
69
What causes ulcers and crusts around the mouth/philtrum of guinea pigs?
Cheilitis Predisposed by Vit C deficiency, poxvirus
70
What is rabbit syphilis called?
Treponema cuniculi
71
How is rabbit syphilis (treponema) spread?
By direct/venereal contact Commonly in young rabbits
72
What are the clinical signs of rabbit syphilis (treponema)?
Reddness, oedema, ulcers, scabs in perineal/genital areas, lips and eyelids
73
How is rabbit syphilis (treponema) treated?
Penicillin
74
What is the equivalent of strangyles in guinea pigs?
Cervical lymphadenitis - strep zooepidemicus Commensal in oropharynx - gains access to cervical lymph nodes due to abrasions in oral mucosa and causes abscesses
75
WHat is moist dermatitis in rabbits?
Chronic salivation from dental disease causing secondary infection of dewlap with pseudomonas - blue fur disease
76
What is dermatophytosis?
Ringworm
77
What species/age is dermatophytosis common in?
G pigs and chinchillas Young animals Immunosuppression, stress
78
Where is dermatophytosis found most commonly in G pigs and chinchillas?
Head/face
79
How do you treat dermatophytosis?
Itraconazole
80
What is myxomatosis? What does it cause?
Pox virus transmitted by arthropod vectors or direct contact Causes facial and perineal skin lesions - thickened eyelids, conjunctivitis, anorexia, mucopurulent oculonasal discharge] Death within 14 days
81
How do you treat myxomatosis?
Prevention - vaccination (nobivac myxo annual) Vector control
82
What is atypical myxomatosis?
Benign fibromatous swellings
83
What are the signs of hypovitaminosis C (scurvy) in G pigs?
Rough hair coat Scaling of ears Poor wound healing Secondary bacterial skin infectoins
84
How do you treat hypovitaminosis C in g pigs?
Correct diet Supplement - degrades quickly so give in food, vegetables, add to drinking water (cant overdose)
85
What is a common endocrine disease in guinea pigs?
Cystic ovarian syndrome
86
What are the signs of cystic ovarian syndrome in guinea pigs?
Non-pruritic symmetrical alopecia over dorsum and flanks Abdominal distention More dominant
87
How do you treat cystic ovarian disease in g pigs?
Ovariohysterectomy
88
What are other causes of symmetrical non-pruritic flank alopecia in g pigs?
Late pregnancy - resolves after parturition
89
What benign neoplasm do guinea pigs get on their dorsum - central pore with discharge?
Trichofolliculomas
90
What non neoplastic mass do g pigs tend to get?
Sebaceous cysts - blocked sebaceous gland in skin
91
What is a normal rabbit resp rate?
30-60bpm
92
What is a very common cause of respiratory infection in rabbits?
Pasteurella multocida - URT bacterial infection
93
What is pasteurellosis related to in rabbits?
Stress related - overcrowding, aggression, concurrent disease
94
What are the 4 manifestations of pasteurella in rabbits?
Upper resp tract disease Otitis media/interna Pneumonia Abscesses in lungs/thorax
95
How do you diagnose pasteurellosis?
Deep swabs from nares Radiography Usually just treat on suspicion
96
How do you treat pasteurellosis in rabbits?
Difficult - 2-3 months of antibiotics by culture and sensitivity given by nebulisation Supportive care - NSAIDs, oxygen
97
What is a common cause of respiratory disease in guinea pigs?
Bordetella bronchiseptica
98
What are the clinical signs of bordertella in g pigs?
Anorexia Oculonasal discharge Dyspnoea Abortion Pneumonia Death
99
What is the treatment/prognosis of bordertella in guinea pigs?
Antibiotics, nebulisation, supportive care Guarded prognosis
100
What are the 3 bacteria causing resp disease in guinea pigs?
Bordertella bronchiseptica Strep pneumoniae Chlamydophila caviae
101
What can cause viral respiratory disease in rabbits?
Myxomatosis Viral haemorrhagic disease - calicivirus
102
What can cause non-infectious resp disease in rabbits?
Neoplasia Allergic/irritant rhinitis/bronchitis
103
What does high blood glucose suggest in a rabbit?
Exceeded renal threshold due to stress/pain
104
What is sludge in a rabbits bladder? What is it due to?
Calcium carbonate - irritant Low water intake - low fibre levels
105
What do sludgy bladders cause?
Urinary overflow incontinence - sludge fills up bladder so there is less space for fluid Scald - leads to flystrike
106
How do you treat sludge bladder in rabbits?
Increase water intake - high fibre, soak hay, ad lib water Encourage emptying of bladder - large cage to allow posturing, good access to litter areas, exercise
107
What small animal tends to get urolithiasis?
Guinea pigs
108
What is the most common neoplasia in a rabbit?
Uterine adenocarcinoma - neuter them
109
What animal do you do a vasectomy in?
Ferrets
110
What are the indications for neutering rabbits?
Population control Behaviour modification - territorial aggression in does Disease prevention - uterine adenocarcinoma
111
How do you bring female ferrets out of oestrus?
Mate with a vasectomised 'hobble'
112
When is it easiest to vasectomise a ferret?
In early summer - much thinner so less fat
113
What type of castration is best to do in which age of rabbit?
Open - older Closed - younger
114
When is it best to do a ovarohysterectomy in rabbits?
Between 5-7 months - less developed, less fat
115
Why is rodent castration difficult?
Permanently open inguinal rings, large testes
116
How do you spay rodents?
Ovariectomy Dont have to worry about uterine neoplasia like in rabbits
117
What is the most commonly used induction agent in rabbits?
Med/ket/butorphanol (DKT) IM - short procedures IV - long procedures
118
What are the risks of intubation of rabbits?
Can traumatise larynx Can push food into larync Overinflation injuries possible Difficult to visualise
119
What are the different intubation methods in rabbits?
Blind intubation Otoscope +/- stylet Flecknell laryngoscope V-gel
120
What reflexes can you use to monitor anaesthetic?
Not eye reflexes - abolished with DKT Jaw movements - light Hindfeet withdrawal - abolished first, then fore as deepens
121
How do you minimise stress in the vets for rabbits?
Avoid noise, smell of predators Provide food, hay Provided bonded pair rabbit Relieve/avoid pain
122
How do you give perioperative fluids?
IV - in ear vein, not too big cannula
123
What is a common consequence of abdominal surgery in rabbits?
Adhesions
124
What is the best way of stabilising a rabbit leg fracture?
External fixation
125
What pathogen causes neuro problems eg. head tilt and hindlimb paralysis?
Encephalitozoon cuniculi (E. cuniculi)
126
How do you treat E. cuniculi?
Fenbendazole

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