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CVSOH BVSc4 > Lame - Diagnostic imaging - bone > Flashcards

Lame - Diagnostic imaging - bone Flashcards

1
Q

What can greatly change radiographic evaluation?

A

Positioning
Exposure/processing

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2
Q

What are some signs you can see in soft tissue that suggest disease?

A

Swelling
Muscle wastage
Foreign material
Gas
Effusion

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3
Q

What joint can you tell if there is an effusion of the joint capsule?

A

Stifle

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4
Q

How can you tell if there is an effusion of the stifle joint capsule?

A

Radiolucent lines of fat running down the fascial planes on the caudal aspect of the stifle - if these are pushed backwards then it suggests distention of the joint capsule
Also fat in between the patella and the joint capsule - radiolucent unless squashed

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5
Q

What is an example of when alignment can help to diagnose a condition on radiograph?

A

In cranial cruciate rupture, when the midpoint of the femoral condyle doesnt align with the midpoint of the tibia bumps - cranial draw

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6
Q

What is the outline of the bone called?

A

The cortex

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7
Q

What can be mistaken for a fracture in the cortex of a bone?

A

Nutrient foramen - well defined lucency extending through one cortex of the bone into the medulla
This is normal

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8
Q

What can you assess of the cortex to determine if it is normal?

A

The outline - is it continuous
Thickness of cortex

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9
Q

What is the outside and the inside of the cortex called?

A

Periosteal surface - outside of bone
Endosteal surface - inside, next to medulla

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10
Q

What can you assess of the medulla on radiograph?

A

Integrity of trabeculae
Changes in opacity

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11
Q

What is a normal change in opacity of the medulla?

A

The medulla in the mid-diaphysis of long bones is naturally more radiolucent - blacker, seems more see through

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12
Q

What is a condition that affects long bones and is shown in the medulla on radiograph?

A

Panosteitis

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13
Q

What is panosteitis?

A

Self limiting disease in young large breed dogs that affects the long bones causing shifting lameness between one leg and the other

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14
Q

What does panosteitis look like on radiograph?

A

Uneven opacity with some areas of long bone more radioopaque and some more radiolucent - patchy

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15
Q

What can you assess of articular surfaces on radiograph to determine disease?

A

Contours of surfaces - is end of bone shaped normally
Subchondral bone - normal opacity, any defects indicating osteochondrosis
Congruity - alignment normal, subluxation present

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16
Q

What are physes?

A

Growth plates

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17
Q

What can look like fractures in young animals?

A

Physes - are open in young animals
Can look like fractures, but often arent
They can fracture however - need to know how to differentiate this

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18
Q

What can cause confusion in cases of osteochondrosis?

A

Condition is bilateral but animal may only be lame on one leg

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19
Q

How can you tell there is bone loss?

A

Opacity of bone reduces - more like soft tissue
Thinning of cortices - outer bone
Thinning of medullary trabeculae

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20
Q

How much mineral has to be lost to be radiographically apparent?

A

40%
So will be severe if can see on radiograph

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21
Q

What can cause focal/multifocal bone loss?

A

Infection - osteomyelitis
Neoplasia
Trauma

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22
Q

What can cause diffuse bone loss?

A

Disuse
Nutritional/metabolic cause

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23
Q

What is an example of a disease causing nutritional bone loss?

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism - calcium phosphorus imbalance leading to mineral resorption from bone

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24
Q

What can cause increased bone production?

A

Trauma
Neoplasia
Infection - osteomyelitis
Craniomandibular osteopathy

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25
Q

What is smooth pattern of distribution in bone production likely to be caused by?

A

Benign chronic lesion

26
Q

What is spiky/spicular pattern of distribution in bone production likely to be caused by?

A

Active aggressive neoplastic lesion
Infection

27
Q

What are features of an aggressive lesion causing increased bone production?

A

Spicular spiky edges - no well defined margins
Long zone of transition - not a discrete edge
Mixed production and destruction of new bone - patchy

28
Q

When might there be both periosteal and endosteal thickening/bone production?

A

Callus

29
Q

How can you tell if it is bone formation compared to dystrophic calcification of surrounding soft tissues?

A

If there are trabeculation to the bone being produced
If it is attached to the periosteum

30
Q

What is the appearance of a benign bone lesion?

A

Well marginated
Short zone of transition
Smooth thinned cortices
Expansile but no cortical destruction

31
Q

What is craniomandibular osteopathy? What does it occur in?

A

New bone formation on the cranium, tympanic bullae and mandible
Occurs in young small breed dogs - terriers

32
Q

What is hypertrophic osteopathy?

A

New bone production on the periosteum of limb bones in response to a space occupying lesion in the thorax or abdomen
Mechanism is unknown

33
Q

What is calcinosis circumscripta?

A

A build up of mineralisation in the soft tissues around pressure points eg. shoulders, hock

34
Q

How can you differentiate calcinosis circumscripta from bone formation?

A

Take radiographs in multiple different planes - will see it is not attached to the bones

35
Q

What features can you look at to help to describe and classify different fractures?

A

Orientation
Number and position of fragments
Involvement of growth plates
Involvement of articular surfaces

36
Q

What are some different orientations of fractures?

A

Transverse - straight across bone
Oblique
Spiral

37
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

Divides the bone into multiple fragments

38
Q

What is a simple fracture?

A

Divides bone into two pieces

39
Q

What does it mean if the bone is distracted in a facture?

A

Fragments moved apart

40
Q

What does it mean if the bone is impacted in a facture?

A

Shortened a bone

41
Q

What does it mean if the bone is overriding in a facture?

A

The fragments are displaced and overlapping

42
Q

What is the classification for physial/growth plate fractures?

A

Salter-Harris classification

43
Q

What is the convention for describing the position of the fracture?

A

Describe the distal part of the fracture relative to the proximal part
eg. radius has moved cranially and proximally relative to the humerus

44
Q

Why is aging a fracture important?

A

Will be useful if determining if it was a pathological fracture - underlying pathology in the bone

45
Q

How do you age a fracture?

A

Look at the margins of the fracture

46
Q

What does a recent fracture look like when aging fractures?

A

Recent - margins are well defined

47
Q

What does the bone look like after 7-10 days when aging fractures?

A

Rounder, less well defined ends with some bone loss

48
Q

What happens after 10-14 days in fracture aging?

A

Periosteal new bone trying to form a callus over fracture site

49
Q

What happens after 4-6 weeks in fracture aging?

A

Bony union and then remodelling

50
Q

What is luxation?

A

Complete separation of the joint surfaces

51
Q

What is subluxation?

A

Displacement of joint surfaces but partial contact still remains

52
Q

What are two causes of luxations/subluxations?

A

Traumatic
Congenital

53
Q

What causes nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Low calcium or high phosphorus in the diet

54
Q

What does nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism cause?

A

Mineral resorption of bone - generalised decrease in bone opacity
Thinning of the cortices - cause fractures
Normal growth plates

55
Q

What types of fractures can nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism cause?

A

Complete or folding

56
Q

What is different about nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by renal failure?

A

Skull is most affected - rubber jaw
Teeth look like they are floating
Similar radiographic appearance

57
Q

What causes rickets?

A

Lack of vitamin D

58
Q

What are the radiological features of rickets?

A

Affects the physes - widened physes
Flares metaphyses
Overall mineralisation often normal

59
Q

What animals tend to get hypervitaminosis A?

A

Cats fed a diet of mostly liver

60
Q

What does hypervitaminosis A cause?

A

Periosteal new bone formation in the cervical spine, spine and limb joints
Can cause fusion of bone
Wont correct after diet corrected

CVSOH BVSc4 (86 decks)

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