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Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

The physical, chemical and enzymatic means the body uses to render a feed/food ready for absorption

A

Digestion

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2
Q

What controls appetite and food intake?

A

Hypothalamus (hunger and satiety)
Blood glucose levels
Physical capacity
Environmental temperature

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3
Q

What are the three types of digestive processes with examples

A

Physical/ mechanical (chewing/muscular action of digestive tract)

Chemical (hydrocloric acid denatures proteins/ secretory)

Enzymatic

  • proteases, amylase, lipase
  • catalyze chemical reactions with proteins
  • hydrolysis
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4
Q

What are the two types of stomachs?

What digestion does the complex one do?

A

Monogastrics
Ruminants

Microbial digestion

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5
Q

What do the following eat

Carnivore

Omnivore

Herbivore

A

Eat animal flesh mostly (produce more lysosomes)

Consume plants and animals

Depend on plants for food

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6
Q

How animals bring food into their mouth

A

Prehension

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7
Q

This is known as chewing or regurgitating or chewing cud

Poultry rely on grinding action in gizzard for this

A

Mastication

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8
Q

What is the purpose of mastication

A

To break down smaller particles which increases surface area which makes it more assessable to digestion

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9
Q

This is the secretion and mixing of saliva with food

A

Salivation (salivary glands)

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10
Q

What does saliva do

A
  • lubricates

Dissolves

Cleanses

Buffers stomach/rumen acid

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11
Q

What is the act of swallowing

A

Deglutition

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12
Q

Food passes down the _______ to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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13
Q

What is the true stomach but also called proventriculus in birds

A

Abomasum

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14
Q

In the glandular stomach also known as _______________, what type of digestion begins and which one is there more of

A

Abomasum

Enzymatic and chemical digestion

More chemical

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15
Q

In ruminants, ______________ occurs first in rumen/reticulum

A

Fermentation

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16
Q

_________________ acid is secreted into the stomach

A

Hydrochloric

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17
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

What does each do

A

Duodenum- digestion via pancreatic (mostly) and liver secretions

Jejunum- longest portion and major site of ABSORPTION (some digestion)

Ileum: absorption and connects to the large intestine

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18
Q

What is the act of expelling fecal matter via rectum or cloaca

A

Defecation

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19
Q

What is urination, components include nitrogenous compounds, minerals and water and is regulated by the kidney

A

Micturition

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20
Q

In micturition, what are the nitrogenous compounds in mammals

Birds

A

Urea mammals

Uric acid

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21
Q

What can monogastrics not use as a source of nutrients

A

Fiber or

High fiber feed stuff

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22
Q

What is the one exception in monogastrics that allow some to digest fiber

A

Functional cecum

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23
Q

What are the roles the stomach plays

A

Acid secretion
Enzyme production
Food storage
Release of chyme to small intestine

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24
Q

Go through the order of the monogastrics stomach

A

Mouth- esophagus- abomasum- duodenum- jejunem- ileum- cecum- colon- rectum

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25
What would a carnivores by more adept at absorbing?
Amino acids in the jejunem
26
What are the specialized parts of a chicken turkey and duck What do they do
Crop: feed softening and storage Proventriculus: glandular stomach, acid and enzymes Gizzard: grinding aided by grit important since birds have no teeth
27
What % of ruminants at birth is rumen, reticulum, omasum? Abomasum?
30% 70%
28
When is a calf rumen functional and what does it do
7 weeks Fermentation Decline in blood glucose Production of vfas
29
In a mature ruminant what % is the following Rumen Reticulum Omasum Abomasum
Rumen 80% Reticulum 5% Omasum 7% Abomasum 8%
30
What part of a ruminant is the fermentation vat, microbes synthesize amino acids, b vitamins, microbes become food How much digestion occurs here
Rumen 60-90%
31
Looks like a honeycomb Mixes Pacemaker for rumen contracts
Reticulum
32
Many plies (book) Absorbs water, Electrolytes and some VFAs
Omasum
33
This is the true stomach it has acid and enzymes
Abomasum
34
What accounts for 60% of energy animals absorb
Vfa's
35
Between what two parts of ruminants is there a free flow of digestion
Rumen and reticulum
36
Where is the microvilli located (brush border) What does it do
Small intestine jejunem Increase surface area
37
What covers the villi and micro villi
Epithelial cells
38
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
For humans monkeys and pigs the mouth because of salivary amylase For ruminants (no salivary amylase) it begins in the small intestine where pancreatic amylase is secreted into duodenum
39
What does amylase hydrolyze starch into
Maltose maltotriose and a limit dextrins
40
Where does completion of carb digestion happen
Small intestine mainly first two little in the ileum
41
In the small intestine during carb digestion pancreatic ________ is secreted into the ___________ after that additional _________ border enzymes are secreted into small intestine. These include _____________ , sucrase, and _____________ and lactase
amylase Brush Maltase Isomaltase
42
In brush border enzymes, what does each break down and into what Maltase Sucrase Isomaltase Lactase
Maltase breaks down maltose to g and g Sucrase breaks down sucrose to g and f Isomaltase breaks down dextrins to produce maltose Lactase breaks down lactose to g and galactose
43
What are absorbed in the small intestine during carb digestion? Protein digestion? Fats?
Simple sugars / monosaccharides Amino acids (arginine lysine Fatty acids
44
To digest cellulose what is required? What produces cellulase to break cellulose to glucose
Micro organisms Bacteria
45
__________ in the rumen use glucose to produce vfa's which are ________ ______ _______
Bacteria Acetate propionate butyrate
46
What provide 50-70% if animals energy requirement
Vfa's
47
What fingerlike projections increase surface area
Papillae
48
In carbs each complex sugar for ruminants becomes what? They get concerted into _______ ______ ______ or lactic acid And the majority of carbs in rumens are going to do this
Glucose | Vfa's
49
Digesting proteins is equivalent to
Degradation or breakdown
50
Where does protein digestion begin ___________ acid supplies the proper _____ for enzymes pepsin and __________ to begin hydrolysis of proteins
Begins abomasum Hydrochloric PH Rennin
51
What does pepsin do? What does rennin do
Digests proteins into peptones and dippeptides (generic digest a lot of dif proteins) Hydrolyzes Casein which coagulates into paracaseunate which pepsin digests
52
What pancreatic enzymes are secreted into the duodenum during protein digestion
Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase
53
______________ peptidases are also present at the brush border of the intestinal epithelial cells
Intestinal
54
What is the end product of protein digestion and where absorbed
Amino acids Jejenum (Dipeptides and tripeptises are also absorbed and digested to amino acids in epithelial cells)
55
Where does fat digestion begin and with what enzyme
True stomach. | Gastric lipase
56
FAT DIGESTION Bile __________ Lipids in the duedenum and increases _______________ __________ of lipid mixture 10,000x Before this ______ salts are produced by the ________ and sores in the gall bladder
Emulsifies Surface area Bile Liver
57
FAT DIGESTION What is enzyme is added after increase of surface area and converts triglycerides to fatty acids and monoglycerides and it is primarily absorbed where
Pancreatic lipase Jejunum
58
LIPID DIGESTION RUMINANTS Rumen microorganisms ___________ dietary triglycerides to yield _______ _____ _______ and glycerol
Hydrolyze Free fatty acids
59
T or F with non ruminants the fatty acids reaching the duodenum of ruminants are less saturated than dietary FA
False they are more highly saturated
60
R VS M DIGESTION | what type of DIGESTION does each do
Mono- chemical and enzymatic R- microbial fermentation
61
In __________ fiber DIGESTION is limited but fiber is _______
Monogastrics | Necessary
62
What are 3 things that have fictional cecum Where are the VFA produced and absorbed
Horses rats and rabbits Large intestine
63
When rabbits eat soft fecal material fermented in cecum- contains what?
Cecotrophy Contains proteins, B vitamins, V K all can by utilized
64
This is the act of eating feces the nutrients are digested and absorbed by upper GI tract
Coprophagy

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