Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

My Flashcards Year 2 > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

(71 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

A fixed rate intravenous insulin infusion of ______ is recommended to treat diabetic ketoacidosis

A

0.1units/kg/hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A large number of antidiabetic drugs walk into a bar…

Which drugs work by activating PPARs, affecting fatty acid storage

A

glitazones (eg pioglitazone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A large number of antidiabetic drugs walk into a bar…

Which drugs work by binding to GLP-1 receptors, slowing gastric emptying, increasing insulin secretion, and reducing glucagon secretion?

A

glutides (eg liraglutide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A large number of antidiabetic drugs walk into a bar…

Which drugs work by binding to K+ATP channels and increasing insulin secretion?

A

sulphonylureas, for example gliclazide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A large number of antidiabetic drugs walk into a bar…

Which drugs work by inhibiting SGLT2, preventing glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

SGLT2i- eg emoagliflozin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A patient with type 2 diabetes wants to get preggers. What do you do with her medications?

A

If on metformin, stay on metformin

If taking other drugs (eg, gliclazide), then switch to insulin

Don’t forget folic acid 5mg!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A single episode of ‘severe’ hypoglycaemia (needing external assistance) will scupper your driving licence, true or false?

A

If you’re a non-commercial driver, probably not

If you’re a commercial driver, then yes it could well do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Accelerated retinopathy can occur in pregnancy if the mother has existing diabetes, true or false?

A

TRUE

Eye checks every 3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

After a pregnancy with gestational diabetes, the risk of having diabetes 10 years later is 10%, true or false?

A

FALSE

50% (and more like 80% if obese)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

After surgery or other stress, insulin release is increased/decreased?

A

decreased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

All people with newly diagnosed diabetes should be assessed by a nutritionist, true or false?

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

An old person with diabetes presents with dehydration and confusion. Blood glucose is 35mmol/L and urine dipstick shows no ketones. What recently started medications could have contributed to them developing this compliation?

A

Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome often secondary to steroids or thiazide diuretics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

An old person with diabetes presents with dehydration and confusion. They were recently started on a steroid medication and thiazide diuretic. Blood glucose is 35mmol/L and urine dipstick shows no ketones. How do you treat them?

A

Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome

Treat with IV normal saline and monitor blood glucose - it should fall

Once blood glucose stops falling with this method - give low-dose insulin until blood glucose is back to 4-7 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Continuous infusion pumps release long-acting insulin, true or false?

A

FALSE

Release short-acting insulin, according to basal rate +/- boluses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diabetes in a neonate is most likely to be T1D, true or false?

A

FALSE

Monogenic (eg, MODY) rather than type I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis equally occurs in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, true or false?

A

FALSE!

Although type 2 diabetics can go into a non-ketotic hyperglycaemic coma due to dehydration and hypernatraemia/hyperuricaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis is associated with hypo/hyoernatraemia

A

hypernatraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Does a patient with blood ketones of 2 mmol/L have DKA?

A

No - threshold is >3 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DPP4 inhibitors are taken orally, true or false?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gestational diabetes usually presents in which trimester?

A

third

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Glitazones cause weight loss, true or false?

A

false- weight gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

GLP-1 agonists can be taken as tablets, true or false?

A

FALSE

All incretins are injectable only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

HBA1c provides a measure of glucose control over what time frame

A

the past 2-3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do DPP4 inhibitors work?

A

incretin pathway, although dependent on GLP-1 levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
How do SGLT-2 inhibitors work?
prevent glucose resorption in the proximal renal tubule
25
How do sulphonylureas work?
inhibit ATP-sensitive potassium channel, promoting insulin release
26
How do thiazolidinediones/glitazones work?
PPAR-gamma activation- increased peripheral glucose uptake, increased insulin sensitivity, healthier fat distribution
27
How is labour managed differently in women with diabetes?
IV insulin and IV dextrose during labour to maintain good blood glucose
28
How often do patients on insulin need to check their blood glucose when driving if they are commercial drivers?
<2 hours before the start of their journey, every 2 hours while driving, and show evidence of checking at least twice daily including on days when not driving (3 months of data)
29
How often do patients on insulin need to check their blood glucose when driving?
<2 hours before start of journey and every 2 hours while driving
30
How often should patients with type 1 diabetes check blood glucose?
at least 4 times a day- before each meal and before bed up to 10 times a day eg if frequent hypos, exercising, pregnant etc
31
In a patient taking insulin, what other medication should be checked for and might affect dosing?
steroid therapy
32
In diabetes, how do GLP-1 receptor agonists work?
promote insulin secretion from pancreas (incretin)
33
In DKA, which ketone, is measured in the urine
acetoacetate
34
In DKA, which ketone, is smelt on the breath
acetone
35
In MODY, a patient with onset at birth is likely to have what gene mutations. complications are rare/common? treatment is with what?
monokinase mutation complications rare treatment is with diet
36
In the pancreas, islet cells lie where in the islets
centre of
37
Metformin is safe in pregnancy, true or false?
true
38
MODY is autosomal recessive, true or false?
false autosomal dominant
39
Name that diabetes definition According to fasting glucose?
>/= 7mmol/l pre-diabetes >6.1
40
Name that diabetes definition According to random glucose?
>/= 11/1mmol/l
41
Name that diabetes definition According to HbA1C?
>48mmol/l pre-diabetes >42
42
Patients with impaired fasting glucose are more likely to develop diabetes than patients with impaired glucose tolerance, true or false?
FALSE Glucose tolerance > fasting glucose for future diabetes risk
43
SGLT-2 therapy (eg, empagliflozin) causes weight loss, true or false?
TRUE Pee out sugar
44
Sulphonylureas (eg, gliclazide) prevent macrovascular complications, true or false?
false
45
Sulphonylureas (eg, gliclazide) prevent microvascular complications, true or false?
true
46
Sulphonylureas such as gliclazide can be used for weight loss, true or false?
FALSE! Cause weight gain (increase insulin secretion)
47
The active form of insulin is a monomer/hexamer
monomer
48
Type 1 diabetes has a stronger genetic predisposition compared with type 2 diabetes, true or false?
FALSE Very strong genetic predisposition for type 2 diabetes; much weaker for type 1.
49
Type 1 diabetes is classified as a type _ hypersensitivity reaction mediated by _ cells
IV T cells
50
What are the diagnostic criteria for DKA?
Ketones >3, glucose >11, bicarb <15 or pH <7.3
51
What are the three types of MODY?
- Glucokinase mutations (diet) - HNF mutations (sulfonylureas) - Permanent neonatal diabetes (potassium channel gene)
52
What can be measured to pick up MODY in T1D patients?
c peptide
53
What diabetes drugs are contraindicated in patients with history of bladder cancer?
Thiazolidones e.g. pioglitazone
54
What does an HbA1c of 42-47 mmol/mol indicate?
Pre-diabetes
55
What embarassing symptoms might a patient with diabetes complications develop?
Sexual dysfunction (autonomic or peripheral neuropathy, peripheral iscahemia); thrush
56
What endocrine condition is associated with GAD antibodies?
Type 1 diabetes
57
What follow-up should a patient with gestational diabetes receive after delivery?
Glucose tolerance test 6 weeks postnatally, annual fasting glucose.
58
What is a good HbA1c to aim for? Give mmol/mol and %
53mmol/mol (7%) 48mmol/l (6.5%)
59
What is the BMI cutoff for IVF (Scotland)?
30
60
What is the calculation for osmolality?
(2xsodium)+urea+glucose
61
What is the definition of polyuria?
>3L in 24 hours
62
63
What is the first-line treatment for neuropathic pain, including diabetic neuropathy?
Amitriptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin or pregabalin
64
What is the management of a hypoglycaemic patient who is conscious?
15-20g fast acting carbohydrate avoid chocolate as slower absorption consume slow acting carbohydrate after (eg toast)
65
What is the management of a hypoglycaemic patient who is unconscious?
200ml 10% dextrose IV
66
What is the normal weight/overweight BMI cutoff for Asian populations?
23
67
What is the overweight/obese BMI cutoff for Asian populations?
27.5
68
What is the target blood pressure for patients with type 2 diabetes?
no organ damage: < 140 / 80 end-organ damage: < 130 / 80
69
What treatment should be started in patients with diabetes who develop micoalbuminuria or proteinuria?
ACE inhibitor or ARB
70
Macrosomia occurs due to what hormonal change? and is defined as birthweight >__kg.
fetal hyperinsulinaemia >4kg

My Flashcards Year 2 (108 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions