Exam #3 chapter 10 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
what do most muscles attach to bones by?
A
a tendon or aponeurosis
2
Q
what is the origin?
A
the muscle attachment site that does NOT move during contraction
3
Q
what is the insertion?
A
the attachment site that moves during contraction
4
Q
where is the insertion usually?
A
distal to the origin
5
Q
is the insertion always distal to the origin?
A
no, the brachialis is the opposite
6
Q
where is the muscle mass usually?
A
proximal to the movement
7
Q
where does the insertion usually move towards and when?
A
the origin when a muscle contracts
8
Q
what do most muscles cross?
A
one joint
9
Q
what do muscles crossing two joints have?
A
more complex movements (biceps)
10
Q
what does a group of muscles typically cooperate for?
A
to produce a movement
11
Q
what do agonists form?
A
a group of muscles producing a specific action
12
Q
what does the prime mover primarily produce?
A
a specific action
13
Q
what does the antagonist produce?
A
the opposite action of the agonist
14
Q
what does a fixator do?
A
stabilizes the origin of the prime mover
15
Q
what does a synergist do?
A
provides additional pull to help start a movement or prevents movement at an intermediate joint
16
Q
what is a compartment on a limb?
A
a group of nearby muscles with a similar action based on their position
17
Q
what does the antagonist and agonist depend on?
A
the prime mover
18
Q
what do fascicles contain?
A
parallel muscle fibers and can be arranged different ways in a muscle
19
Q
what are fascicles in parallel and fusiform muscles?
A
parallel to the long axis of a muscle
20
Q
what is the pattern of fascicle arrangement in circular muscles?
A
arranged in a circle around an opening and act as sphincters to close the opening
21
Q
what is an example of a circular muscle?
A
orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi
22
Q
what is the pattern of fascicle arrangement in convergent muscles?
A
broadly distributed fascicles converge at a single tendon
23
Q
what is an example of a convergent muscle?
A
pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
24
Q
what is the pattern of fascicle arrangement in parallel muscles?
A
fascicles are parallel to one another and to the long axis of the muscle
25
what are some examples of parallel muscles?
trapezius, rhomboideus and rectus abdominis
26
what is the pattern of fascile arrangment in pennate muscles?
fascicles originate from a tendon that runs the length of the entire muscle.
27
what are the different types of pennate muscles?
1) unipennate (fascicles only on one side of tendon)
2) bipennate (fascicles on both sides)
3) multipennate (fascicles arranged at many places around the central tendon. spread out at many angles to may smaller tendons)
28
what is an example of a unipennate muscle?
palmar interosseus and semiembranosus
29
what is an example of a bipennate muscle?
rectus fomoris
30
what is an example of a multipennate muscle?
deltoid
31
what is the pattern of fascicle arragment in fusiform muscles?
they lie parallel to the long axis of muscle. the belly of the muscle is larger in diameter than the ends
32
what are examples of fusiform muscles?
biceps brachii and triceps brachii
33
what can parallel and fusiform muscles do?
shorten about 30%
34
what do circular fascicles do?
decrease the size of opening and guard openings to internal passageways
35
what is the difference between pennate muscles and parallel muscles?
they don't pull as far as parallel muscles but generate more force
36
what can pennate muscles have?
more than one tendon
37
how are muscle names descriptive?
location, size, shape, fascicle orientation, origin and insertion, number of heads/origin and action
38
what do the bones of the skeleton act like?
levers and muscles pull on them
39
what is a lever?
a rigid structure that moves on a fixed point (fucrum, F)
40
what is the fulcrum (F)?
the hinge
41
when does the lever move?
when the pull (P) is greater than the load (L)
42
in the body what is assigned the lever, fulcrum, muscle and load? (4) (LFML)
1) lever is the bone
2) fulcrum is the joint
3) muscle applies the pull
4) load is what is moved by action
43
what are the 3 classes of levers based on?
the relative position of the fulcrum, weight and pull
44
what is the first class lever called?
seesaw
45
where is the fulcrum in the first class lever?
it lies between the load and pull
46
are first class levers common in the body?
no, it's rare
47
what is the second class lever called?
wheelbarrow
48
where is the load located in the second class lever?
between the fulcrum and pull
49
what are speed and distance sacrificed for in second class lever?
power
50
does the body have second class levers?
yes, a few
51
what is the third class lever called?
shovel
52
where is the pull located in the third class lever?
between the fulcrum and load
53
what is power sacrificed for in the third class lever?
speed and distance
54
is the third class lever common in the body?
yes it is the most common
55
what is the origin of the trapezius? (3) (ONS)
1) occipital protuberance
2) nuchal ligament
3) spinous processes of C7-T12
56
what is the insertion of the trapezius? (3)(CAS)
1) clavicle
2) acromion process
3) scapular spine
57
what is the action of the trapezius?
extends and laterally flexes neck
58
what is the origin of the sternoclediomastoid?
manibrium and medial clavicle
59
what is the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid?
mastoid process and superior nuchal line
60
what is the action of the sternocleidomastoid? (2) (OB)
1) one contracting along: laterally flexes head and neck to same side and rotates head and neck to opposite side
2) both contracting together: flexes neck
61
what is the origin of the buccinator?
mandible and maxilla
62
what is insertion of the buccinator?
orbicularis oris at angle of mouth
63
what is the action of buccinator?
retracts angle of mouth and flattens cheek.
64
what is the origin of the mentalis?
the mandible
65
what is the insertion of the mentalis?
skin of chin
66
what is the action of the mentalis?
elevates and wrinkles skin over chin and protrudes lower lip
67
what is the origin of the occipitofrontalis?
the occipital bone
68
what is the insertion of the occipitofrontalis?
skin of eyebrow and nose
69
what is the action of the occipitofrontalis?
moves scalp and elevates eyebrows
70
what is the origin of the orbicularis oculi?
maxilla and frontal bones
71
what is the insertion of the orbicularis oculi?
circles orbit and inserts near origin
72
what is the action of the orbicularis oculi?
closes eye
73
what is the origin of the orbicularis oris?
nasal septum, maxilla and mandible
74
what is the insertion for the orbicularis oris?
fascia and other muscles of lips
75
what is the action of the orbicularis oris?
closes lips
76
what is the origin of the platysma?
fascia of deltoid and pectoralis major
77
what is the insertion of the platysma?
skin over inferior border of mandible
78
what is the action of the platysma?
depresses lower lip and wrinkles skin of neck and upper chest
79
what is the origin of the zygomaticus major?
zygomatic bone
80
what is the insertion of the zygomaticus major?
angle of mouth
81
what is the action of the zygomaticus major?
elevate and abducts upper lip
82
what is the origin of the temporalis?
temporal fossa
83
what is the insertion of the termporalis?
anterior portion of mandibular ramus and coronoid process
84
what is the action of the temporalis?
elevates and retracts mandible and involved in excursion
85
what is the origin of the masseter?
zygomatic arch
86
what is the insertion of the masseter?
lateral side of mandibular ramus
87
what is the action of the masseter?
elevates and protracts mandible and involved in excursion
88
what 3 columns is the erector spinae divided into?
1) iliocostalis
2) longissimus
3) spinalis
89
what is the origin of the iliocostalis?
sacrum, ilium and lumbar spines
90
what is the insertion ofthe iliocostalis?
ribs and vertebrae
91
what is the action of the iliocostalis?
extends vertebral column
92
what is the origin of the longissimus capitis?
upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae
93
what is the insertion of the longissiumus cervicis?
upper thoracic vertebrae
94
what is the insertion of the longissimus cervicis?
transverse process of upper cervical vertebrae
95
what is the action of the longissimus capitis?
extends head
96
what is the actoin of the longissimus cervicis?
extends neck
97
what is the origin ofthe longissimus thoracis?
ribs and lower thoracic vertebrae
98
what is the insertion of the longissimus thoracis?
transverse processes of upper lumbar vertebrae and ribs
99
what is the action of the longissimus thoracis?
extends vertebral column
100
what is the origin of the spinalis throacis?
T11-L2
101
what is the insertion of the spinalis thoracis?
spinous processes of middle and upper thoracic vertebrae
102
what is the action of the spinalis thoracis?
extends vertebral column
103
what is the origin of the diaphragm?
interior of ribs, sternum and lumbar vertebrae
104
what is the insertion of the diaphragm?
central tendon of diaphragm
105
what is the action of the diaphragm?
inhalation depresses floor of thorax
106
what is the origin of the external intercostalis?
inferior margin of each rib
107
what is the insertion of the external intercostalis?
superior border of next rib below
108
what is the action of the external intercostalis?
quiet inhalation elevates ribs
109
what is the origin of the internal intercostalis?
superior margin of each rib
110
what is the insertion of the internal interscostalis?
inferior border of next rib above
111
what is the action of the internal intercostalis?
forced exhalation depresses ribs
112
what is the origin of the rectus abdominus?
pubic crest and symphysis pubis
113
what is the insertion of the rectus abdominus?
xiphoid process and inferior ribs
114
what is the action of the rectus abdominus?
flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen
115
what is the origin of the external abdominal oblique?
5th to 12th ribs
116
what is the insertion of the external abdominal oblique?
iliac crest, inguinal ligament and rectus sheath
117
what is the action of the external abdominal oblique?
flexes and rotates vertebral column, compresses abdomen and depresses thorax
118
what is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique?
iliac crest, inguinal ligament and lumbar fascia
119
what is the insertion of the internal abdominal oblique?
10th to 12th ribs and rectus sheath
120
what is the action of the internal abdominal oblique?
flexes and rotates vertebral column, compresses abdomen and depresses thorax
121
what is the origin of the transversus abdominis?
7th to 12th costal cartilages, lumar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament
122
what is the insertion of the transversus abdominis?
xiphoid process, linea alba and pubic tubercle
123
what is the action of the transversus abdominis?
compresses abdomen
124
what is the origin of the levator scapulae?
transverse processes of C1-C4
125
what is the insertion of the levator scapulae?
superior angle of scapula
126
what is the action of the levator scapulae?
elevates, retracts and rotates scapula and lateraly flexes neck
127
what is the origin of the pectoralis minor?
3rd to 5th ribs
128
what is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?
coracoid process of scapula
129
what is the action ofthe pectoralis minor?
depresses scapula or elevates ribs
130
what is the origin of the rhomboideus major?
spinous processes of T1-T4
131
what is the insertion of rhomboideus major?
medial border of scapula
132
what is the action of the rhomboideus major?
retracts, slightly elevates, rotates and fixes scapula
133
what is the origin of the rhomboideus minor?
spinous processes of C6-C7
134
what is the insertion of the rhomboideus minor?
medial border of scapula
135
what is the action of the rhomboideus minor?
retracts, slightly elevates, rotates and fixes scapula
136
what is the origin of the serratus anterior?
1st to 8th or 9th ribs
137
what is the insertion of the serratus anterior?
medial border of scapula
138
what is the action of the serratus anterior?
rotates and protracts scapula and elevates ribs
139
what is the origin of the subclavious?
first rib
140
what is the insertion of the subclavious?
clavicle
141
what is the action of the subclavious?
flexes clavicle or elevates first rib
