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A&P 223 > Exam #4 Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Exam #4 Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the spinal cord located?

A

it extends from the foramen magnum to L2

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2
Q

what does the spinal meninges do?

A

protect the spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the dura mater composed of?

A

an extremely tough outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue

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4
Q

where does the dura mater extend from?

A

the foramen magnum to about L2

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5
Q

where does the dura mater extend out?

A

the spinal nerves and continues as the ilium terminale

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6
Q

what is superficial to the dura mater?

A

the epidural space with adipose tissue

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7
Q

what is the arachnoid mater?

A

a thinner connective tissue layer

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8
Q

what do the fibers of the arachnoid mater extend to?

A

the pia mater

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9
Q

what does the fibers of the arachnoid mater that extend to the pia mater create?

A

the subarachnoid space

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10
Q

what does the subarachnoid contain?

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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11
Q

what does the CSF do for the spinal cord?

A

it cushions it

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12
Q

what is the pia mater?

A

a delicate connective tissue layer adhering to the spinal cord surface

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13
Q

in the cross sections of the spinal cord, what does white matter surround and what does it contain?

A

gray matter with a central canal containing CSF

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14
Q

in the cross sections what does the white matter form?

A

3 columns containing tracts with axons carrying similar information/commands to/from similar locations in motor (descending) and sensory (ascending) tracts

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15
Q

in the cross sections of the spinal cord what is gray matter organized into?

A

nuclei

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16
Q

in the cross section of the spinal cord what does gray matter form?

A

1) anterior (ventral)
2) posterior (dorsal)
3) gray horns
4) small lateral gray horns in thoracic and upper regions

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17
Q

how are spinal nerves formed in the cross sections of the spinal cord?

A

by the fusion of two roots (dorsal and ventral)

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18
Q

what does the dorsal root carry?

A

incoming sensory axons

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19
Q

where are the cell bodies of sensory axons?

A

in the dorsal root ganglion

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20
Q

what do sensory neuron axons in the dorsal root do?

A

synapse in the posterior gray horn or ascend in nearby tracts

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21
Q

what does the ventral root contain?

A

outgoing motor axons

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22
Q

where are the cell bodies of somatic axons?

A

in the anterior gray horn

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23
Q

where are cell bodies of autonomic axons?

A

in the lateral gray horn

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24
Q

what is a reflex?

A

a rapid, automatic, stereotypical response to a stimulus

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25
Q

what does a reflex consist of? (6) (SSIMER)

A

1) a sensory receptor
2) sensory neuron
3) interneuron (usually)
4) motor neuron
5) effector
6) reflex arc

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26
Q

what do reflexes maintain?

A

homeostasis (autonomic and somatic)

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27
Q

what can reflexes be?

A

monosynaptic (single synapse) or polysynaptic (more complex)

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28
Q

where can reflexes integrate?

A

in the spinal cord or the brain

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29
Q

what is a stretch reflex?

A

a reflex that maintains posture and balance

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30
Q

what does striking the patellar ligament do?

A

stretches the quadriceps muscle

31
Q

during a stretch reflex what does a muscle spindle do?

A

detect the stretch and its sensory neurons synapse on somatic motor neurons that innervates the quadriceps (monosynaptic) (fast)

32
Q

besides synapsing on a somatic motor neuron what else does a stretch reflex do?

A

synapses with an interneuron that synapses with somatic motor neuron innervating the antagonist muscle (hamstrings) (reciprocal innervation)

33
Q

what do stretch reflexes also send?

A

collaterals to the brain

34
Q

why do stretch reflexes send collaterals to the brain?

A

to let you know what happened

35
Q

what type of reflex is a golgi tendon reflex?

A

an inhibitory reflex

36
Q

what do golgi tendon organs detect?

A

the stretch or tension on a tendon

37
Q

what do golgi tendon reflexes prevent?

A

excessive force being applied to a tendon

38
Q

when excessive force is detected what does the golgi tendon reflex do?

A

stimulate an inhibitory interneuron

39
Q

what does the inhibitory interneuron that the golgi tendon reflex stimulated do?

A

relaxes the muscle exerting force on the tendon

40
Q

besides simulating an inhibitory interneuron what else does the golgi tendon reflex stimulate?

A

a stimulatory interneuron

41
Q

what does the stimulatory interneuron that the golgi tendon reflex stimulated cause?

A

the antagonist to contract (reciprocal innervation)

42
Q

why are impulses sent to your brain during a golgi tendon reflex?

A

to inform you of what happened

43
Q

what does the withdrawl (flexor) reflex do?

A

removes a limb from a painful stimulus

44
Q

what can pain receptors be stimulated by during the withdrawal (flexor) reflex?

A

several harmful stimuli

45
Q

when a stimulatory neuron is stimulated what will happen?

A

it will cause the flexor to contract, removing the limb part from the stimulus

46
Q

what muscle will be inhibited during the withdrawal (flexor) reflex?

A

the antagonist muscle

47
Q

what tells your brain about what happened during a withdrawl (flexor) reflex?

A

the collaterals to your brain

48
Q

what is reciprocal innervation?

A

a phenomenon that allows opposing muscles to reinforce the efficiency of the withdrawal reflex.

49
Q

where is the crossed extensor reflex seen?

A

in the lower limb

50
Q

what will stepping on something cause?

A

a withdrawal reflex to remove your foot from the painful stimulus by simulating the flexor and inhibiting the antagonist

51
Q

what will the cross extensor reflex use to maintain balance?

A

stimulatory signals will be sent to the extensor and inhibitory signals the antagonist in the other leg

52
Q

what will let your brain know what happened in the crossed extensor reflex?

A

the collaterals

53
Q

what does reflexes interact with?

A

other parts of your nervous system

54
Q

what do reflex tests examine?

A

the integrity of the reflex arc as well as other interacting nervous system components

55
Q

what are the connective tissue components of the spinal nerves/

A

1) endoneurium
2) perineurium
3) epineurium

56
Q

what does the endoneurium surround?

A

each axon

57
Q

what are the fascicles?

A

a bundle of axons

58
Q

what does the perineurium surround?

A

the fascicles

59
Q

what type of connective tissue is the epineurium?

A

fibrous

60
Q

what does the epineurium surrund?

A

the netire nerve

61
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?

A

31 pairs

62
Q

where are spinal nerves C1-C7 located?

A

they emerge superior to their corresponding vertebrae

63
Q

where are spinal nerves T1-L5 located?

A

they emerge inferior to their corresponding vertebrae

64
Q

where is spinal nerve C8 located?

A

it emerges between C7 and T1

65
Q

where are spinal nerves S1-S4 located?

A

they emerge from the sacrum

66
Q

where are spinal nerves S5-Co1 located?

A

they emerge between the sacrum and coccyx

67
Q

what are dermatomes?

A

the sensory input that spinal nerves receive from specific regions of our skin

68
Q

what are spinal nerve branches called?

A

rami

69
Q

what does the posterior (dorsal) rami serve?

A

the posterior trunk wall

70
Q

what does the anterior (ventral) rami in the thoracic region form to serve?

A

intercostal nerves that serve the lateral and anterior trunk wall

71
Q

what do the communicating rami carry?

A

autonomic motor fibers in the thoracic and upper lumbar regions ONLY

72
Q

what do anterior (ventral) rami outside the thoracic region for?

A

plexuses

73
Q

what are plexuses?

A

nerve networks

74
Q

what do anterior rami of cervical, lumbar and sacral spinal nerves form?

A

plexuses that branch and rejoin before forming peripheral nerves

A&P 223 (50 decks)

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