Exam #1 Ch. 4 part 2 (Bone, muscle, nervous tissue and tissue repair)

Question 1

what does bone matrix contain?

Answer 1

hard calcium salts and collagen fibers

Question 2

two types of bone

Answer 2

1) spongy bone

2) compact bone

Question 3

what does spongy bone have?

Answer 3

spaces between the plates/beams (trabeculae) of bone and resembles a sponge.

Question 4

what type of cells are found in bone?

Answer 4

osteocytes

Question 5

where are the osteocytes located in spongy bone?

Answer 5

within lucunae in the trabeculae

Question 6

what is the function of spongy bone?

Answer 6

provides strength and support without the greater weight of compact bone

Question 7

where is spongy bone located? (5) (IVSPE)

Answer 7

1) the interior of the bones of the skull
2) verterbrae
3) sternum
4) pelvis
5) in the ends of long bones

Question 8

how does compact bone appear?

Answer 8

solid with layer or lamellae

Question 9

where are the osteocytes located in compact bone?/

Answer 9

also within the lucunae and distributed in a circular fashion around the central canals

Question 10

what do small passageways ?

Answer 10

adjacent lacunae

Question 11

what is the functions of compact bone?

Answer 11

provides great strength and support and forms a solid outer shell on bones that keeps them from being easily broken or punctured

Question 12

where is compact bone located?

Answer 12

1) outer portions of portions

2) the shafts of bones

Question 13

what type of matrix does fluid connective tissue have?

Answer 13

a watery matrix and unformed fibers

Question 14

what type of connective tissue is blood?

Answer 14

fluid

Question 15

what type of matrix does blood have?

Answer 15

a watery matrix

Question 16

what type of cells does blood have?

Answer 16

1) erythrocytes (RBC)
2) leukocytes (WBC)
3) platelet (not a cell, a formed fragment)

Question 17

what is the function of blood? (3) (TPI)

Answer 17

1) transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products and other substances
2) protects the body from infections
3) involved in temperature regulation

Question 18

where is the blood located?

Answer 18

1) within blood vessels

2) WBC’s often leave the blood vessels and enter the interstitial spaces

Question 19

where does blood cells and platelet cells form?

Answer 19

in Hemopoietic tissue and then it is called bone marrow

Question 20

what tissue is found in bone marrow?

Answer 20

hemopoietic tissue

Question 21

what forms in red bone marrow?

Answer 21

bone cells and platelets

Question 22

what type of tissue is yellow bone marrow?

Answer 22

Adipose (NOT hemopoetic)

Question 23

what exactly is red bone marrow?

Answer 23

hemopoetic tissue surrounded by a network of reticular fibers

Question 24

what is the function of red bone marrow?

Answer 24

production of new blood cells

Question 25

what is the function of yellow bone marrow?

Answer 25

stores lipids

Question 26

where is red bone marrow located? (2) (EI)

Answer 26

1) ends of long bones | 2) in short, flat and irregurarly shaped bones

Question 27

where is yellow bone marrow located/

Answer 27

in the shaft of long bones

Question 28

what type of cells do muscle tissue contain?

Answer 28

muscle fibers

Question 29

what do the muscle fibers do in muscle tissue/

Answer 29

contract with force

Question 30

how do muscles create movement?

Answer 30

they are shortened or contracted with a force

Question 31

what does skeletal muscle provide and how?

Answer 31

movement by pulling on bones

Question 32

what type of nucleus do skeletal fibers have?

Answer 32

multinucleated

Question 33

what type of fibers do skeletal muscles have?

Answer 33

long

Question 34

is skeletal muscle striated?

Answer 34

yes

Question 35

is contraction in skeletal muscles volunatary or involuntary?

Answer 35

voluntary

Question 36

where is cardiac muscle located and what does it do?

Answer 36

only in the heart and it circulates the blood

Question 37

how are cardiac muscle cells attached to each other?

Answer 37

by intercalated discs

Question 38

are cardiac muscle striated?

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

what type of nucleus does cardiac muscle have?

Answer 39

single

Question 40

what is cardiac muscle often?

Answer 40

branched

Question 41

is contraction in cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 41

involuntary

Question 42

where does smooth muscle tissue occur?

Answer 42

in the walls of most hollow organs (stomach and intestines)

Question 43

are smooth muscle striated?

Answer 43

no

Question 44

what type of nucleus does smooth muscle have?

Answer 44

single

Question 45

is contraction in smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 45

involuntary

Question 46

what does nervous tissue conduct?

Answer 46

action potentials (nerve impulses)

Question 47

what does the nervous system contain?

Answer 47

neurons and glia (glial cells)

Question 48

what do neurons conduct?

Answer 48

actions potentials that result in nervous system function

Question 49

what do glia perform?

Answer 49

various supportive functions

Question 50

what is a neuron composed of? (3)

Answer 50

1) cell body 2) dendrites 3) axons

Question 51

what does the cell body contain and what does it do?

Answer 51

contains the nucleus and is the site of general cell functions

Question 52

what do dendrites and axons consist of?

Answer 52

projections of cytoplasm surrounded by the membrane

Question 53

what does dendrites do?

Answer 53

carries information TO the cell body

Question 54

what does axons do?

Answer 54

carries nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body

Question 55

what do multipolar neurons have?

Answer 55

multiple dendrites and a single axon

Question 56

where is nervous tissue located?

Answer 56

1) brain 2) spinal cord 3) ganglia

Question 57

what do tissue membranes look like?

Answer 57

thin, flexible sheets that cover surfaces or line cavities

Question 58

what type of tissue are usually on tissue membranes?

Answer 58

epithelium on connective tissues

Question 59

what is the membrane of our skin called?

Answer 59

cutaneous membrane

Question 60

3 types of tissue membranes

Answer 60

1) mucous 2) serous 3) synovial

Question 61

what does mucous membranes line?

Answer 61

passageway that open to the outside

Question 62

what does moist mucous membranes consist of?

Answer 62

an epithelium on areolar connective tissue (lamina propria)

Question 63

what type of epithelia might mucous membrane be?

Answer 63

simple (stomach) or stratified (mouth)

Question 64

what does serous membrane line?

Answer 64

cavities that do NOT open to the outside

Question 65

what does serous membrane consist of?

Answer 65

mesothelium on areolar connective tissue

Question 66

where do synovial membranes occur?

Answer 66

at freely-moveable joints

Question 67

what does synovial membranes line?

Answer 67

a joint cavity

Question 68

what does synovial membranes produce?

Answer 68

synovial fluid

Question 69

what type of tissue is the synovial membrane?

Answer 69

areolar tissue with NO epithelial tissue

Question 70

is inflammation a good thing for repair?

Answer 70

yes

Question 71

what is inflammation?

Answer 71

the body's response to injury

Question 72

what does inflammation do?

Answer 72

1) activates body's defenses 2) destroys microbes 3) removes damaged cells, microbes and foreign materials

Question 73

what do damaged cells release?

Answer 73

chemical mediators that produce inflammation

Question 74

what does inflammation produce? (5) (HPSRA)

Answer 74

1) heat 2) pain 3) swelling 4) redness 5) altered function

Question 75

what causes the redness and heat during inflammation?

Answer 75

the extra blood

Question 76

what happens during inflammationto thecapillaries?

Answer 76

they become leaky causing more blood to goto the area

Question 77

what does tissue repair range from?

Answer 77

tissue to tissue

Question 78

what does clotting occur by:?

Answer 78

platelets and blood proteins

Question 79

what do the platelets and blood proteins do during clotting?

Answer 79

isolate the tissue damage

Question 80

what are the types of tissue repair?

Answer 80

regeneration and replacement

Question 81

what happens during regeneration?

Answer 81

the damaged tissue is replaced with the functional tissue

Question 82

what happens during replacement?

Answer 82

the damaged tissue is replaced with connective tissue

Question 83

which is better regeneration or replacement?

Answer 83

regeneration

Question 84

what are the three types of cells involved in tissue repair that have different abilities to regenerate?

Answer 84

1) labile cells 2) stable cells 3) permanent cells

Question 85

what are labile cells?

Answer 85

specialized cells or stem cells that regenerate well

Question 86

where are labile cells found? (5) (EDMHL)

Answer 86

1) epithilia 2) dermis 3) mucous membranes 4) hemopoeietic tissue 5) lymphatic tissue

Question 87

what are stable cells?

Answer 87

cells that usually do not grow but can divided and regernate somewhat

Question 88

where are stable cells found? (5) (MLPSE)

Answer 88

1) most connective tissues 2) liver 3) pancreas 4) smooth muscle 5) endocrine glands

Question 89

what are permanent cells?

Answer 89

cells that have limited ability to replicate and if damaged are usually replaced by connective tissues

Question 90

where are permanent cells found? (3) (NSC)

Answer 90

1) neurons 2) skeletal muscle 3) cardiac muscle

Question 91

what is a good example of tissue repair?

Answer 91

the skin

Question 92

if the edges are close in a wound how do they repair?

Answer 92

by primary union or primary intention

Question 93

what forms first during primary union?

Answer 93

a clot which seals the wound and inflammation occurs

Question 94

what do phagocytic WBCs migrate to the wounded area during primary union for?

Answer 94

to fight microbes and to remove foreign material and dead cells

Question 95

what do fibroblasts migrate to the wounded area during primary union for?

Answer 95

to produce extracellular matrix

Question 96

what happens to the blood vessels during primary union?

Answer 96

they grow and epithelial cells migrate to the wound

Question 97

what is the epithelial cells, fibroblasts, wbcs and growing capillaries during primary union called?

Answer 97

granulation tissue

Question 98

what does granulation tissue do?

Answer 98

replaces the clot

Question 99

what is the final step of primary union?

Answer 99

a thin scab falls off

Question 100

how long after an injury does a scab form?

Answer 100

1 week

Question 101

if the edges are NOT close together what occurs?

Answer 101

secondary union (intention)

Question 102

how is repair done during secndary union?

Answer 102

repair is the same but it takes longer to heal

Question 103

what forms in the wound when it heals with secondary union?

Answer 103

a connective tissue scar