Exam #1 Chapter 4 (Epithelial tissue and connective tissue) Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
collections of specialized cells and the extracellular substances surrounding them.
A
tissues
2
Q
four primary types of tissue
A
1) epithelial
2) connective
3) muscle
4) nervous
3
Q
which tissues are the most diverse in form?
A
epithelial and connective
4
Q
what are epithelial and connective tissue classified by?
A
structure
5
Q
what type of structure is looked at for epithelial and connective tissue? 3 (CRC)
A
1) cell shape
2) relationship of cells to one another
3) composition of the extracellular matrix
6
Q
what are muscle and nervous tissue classified by? (3) (SFL)
A
1) structure
2) functional characteristics
3) location
7
Q
what is an example of the tissues being interdependent on one another?
A
muscle tissue cannot produce movement unless it receives oxygen carried by red blood cells and bone can’t form unless epithelial tissue absorbs calcium and other nutrients from the digestive tract.
8
Q
what does epithelial tissue form?
A
surfaces and glands
9
Q
what does connective tissue do? (4) (PBSP)
A
1) protect and support the body
2) bind organs together
3) store energy reserves
4) provide immunity
10
Q
what does muscle tissue do?
A
contract
11
Q
what does nervous tissue do?
A
conduct nerve impulses
12
Q
which nerve tissues are more specialized?
A
nervous and muscle
13
Q
how do organs do what they do?
A
because of tissue composition
14
Q
what do different tissues have?
A
different characteristics or properties
15
Q
how can a great deal of information be obtained about a person?
A
by examining their tissues
16
Q
what are 3 ways to examine tissues?
A
1) blood
2) biopsy
3) pap smear
4) autopsy
17
Q
the process of removing tissue samples from patients surgically or with a needle for diagnostic purposes to examine various disorders
A
biopsy
18
Q
examination of organs of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study changes caused by a disease
A
autopsy
19
Q
what is often part of an autopsy?
A
microscopic examination
20
Q
what two layers form approximately 13 or 14 days after fertilization?
A
1) epiblast
2) hypoblast
21
Q
after the cells of the epiblast migrate between the two layers what forms?
A
3 embryonic germ layers
22
Q
what are the 3 embryonic germ layers?
A
1) endoderm
2) mesoderm
3) ectoderm
23
Q
what do the germ layers give rise to?
A
all the tissues of the body
24
Q
what layer is the endoderm and what does it form?
A
the inner layer, the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives
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what layer is the mesoderm and what does it form?
the middle layer, tissues such as muscle, bone and blood vessels
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what layer is the ectoderm and what does it form?
the outer layer and the neuroectoderm forms the skin.
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characteristics of epithelial tissue (5) (LFDAR)
1) little extracellular material
2) found on surfaces and form most glands
3) different surfaces
4) avascular
5) regenerate well when damaged
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surfaces of epithelial tissue (3) (ALB)
1) apical (free) that doesn't face adjacent cells
2) lateral that faces adjacent cells
3) basal surface that faces the basement membrane
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a secreted porous layer that allows exchange
basement membrane
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since epithelial tissue are avascular what do they diffuse nutrients from?
deeper connective tissue
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what is an example of epithelial tissues that regenerate well?
stem cells
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how is cell shape seen?
perpendicular to the apical surface
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how many simple and stratified epithelia are there?
4 simple and 4 stratified
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what is the function of epithelial tissue related to?
their structure
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characteristics of simple epithelia (2) (TO)
1) thin
| 2) occur in protected locations for diffusion, absorption and secretion
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characteristics of stratified epithelia (2) (TO)
1) thicker
| 2) occur in locations that experience stress
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in stratified epithelia what is superficial cells replaced by?
cells below which divide
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what are the many layers of stratified epithelia also a barrier to?
chemicals and microbes
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what does keratanized stratified epithelia contain?
the tough protein keratin
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what are squamous cells best for?
diffusion and to form smooth surfaces
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what are cuboidal and columnar cells have and what does that do?
more cytoplasm to surface area and are better for absorption and secretion
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what can the surface of epithlia be modified for?
specific functions
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what does some epithelia have that helps with modification?
cilia and microvilli
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what is the plasma membrane of transitional epithelia shaped like?
it's folded
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extensions of cell that greatly increase free surface area
microvilli
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contains microtubules, which allow them to move materials across the free surface of the cell
cilia
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3 things that the structures that hold cells together or to the basement membrane do (MHP)
1) mechanically bind cells togeher
2) help form a permeability barrier
3 )provide a mechanism for intercellular communication
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a relatively strong adhesive between cells and consist of glycoproteins that bind cells together and intracellular proteins attached to immediate filaments that extend into cytoplasm of the cells.
desmosomes
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where are many desmosomes found?
in epithelial tissue that are subjected to stress such as stratified squamous epithelial of the skin
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similar to one-half of the desmosome and attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane
hemidesmomes
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hold cells together and form a permeability barrier.
tight junctions
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how are tight junctions formed?
by proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells that join one another to make a very tight seal.
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what is an example of a tight junction?
in the stomach and urinary bladder, chemicals cannot pass between cells but water andother substances must pass which regulates what is absorbed and secreted.
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where are tight junctions found
in areas where a layer of simple epithelial forms a permeability barrier
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glycoproteins found just below the tight junction.
adhesion belt
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where is the adhesion belt located?
between the plasma membrane of adjacent cells and acts as a weak glue that hold cells together.
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is the adhesion belt as strong as desmosomes?
no
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a small, specialized contact region between cells by allowing ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to another.
gap junctions
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in epithelial cells what may coordinate the movement of celia
gap junctions .
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in cardiac and smooth muscle tissue what are gap junctions important for?
coordinating important functions
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what does a tight junction prevent?
fluid flow
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what does an adhesion belt prevent?
the tight junction from being pulled apart
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what does a gap junction attach channels through?
the membranes
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what does gap junction allow? (2) (IA)
1) ions and small molecules to pass through
| 2) adjacent cells to coordinate their activity
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what type of surfaces does epithelia cover?
protective or selective
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what type of organs are glands?
secretory
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what type of cells will glands consist of?
single or multiple cells
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types of glands
1) exocrine
| 2) endocrine
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glands that lack ducts and release secretions (hormones)into the interstitial fluid, diffuse into the bloodstream, and circulate to the whole body
endocrine glands
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release secretions onto an epithelium through a duct
exocrine glands
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what type of cells are most exocrine glands?
most are multicellular and some are unicellular
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what is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland?
a goblet cell
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how are the structure multicellular exocrine glands classified?
1) whether the ducts are branched or not (simple or compound)
2) the shape of the secrtory areas (tubular, acinar or tubuloacinar/tubuloaveolar)
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what type of duct do simple glands have?
a single non branched duct
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what type of duct do compound glands have?
secretory regions that branch off the duct
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glands with secretory regions shaped like tubules (small tubes)
tubular
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glands with secretory regions shaped like saclike structures
acinar or aveolar
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glands with a combination of a tube shape and sac shape
tubuloaveolar
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what is the functional classification of exocrine glands
1) merocrine secretion
2) apocrine secretion
3) holocrine secretion
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what is the most common type of secretion in exocrine glands?
merocrine
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what happens during merocrine secretion?
the product is released from secretory vessicles by exocytosis
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what happens during apocrine secretion?
the product is released by shedding the apical portion of the cell
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what happens during holocrine secretion?
the prodouct is released when a cell packed with the secretion lyses. entire cell is shed by the gland and becomes part of the secretion
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characteristics of connective tissue (3) (AVD)
1) abundant extracellular matrix which largely determines the properties of the tissues
2) vascular
3) diverse functions
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functions of connective tissue (7) (ECSSCTP)
1) enclosing and separating other tissues
2) connecting tissues to one another
3) supporting and moving parts of the body
4) storing compounds
5) cushioning and insulating
6) transporting
7) protecting
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types of cells founds in connective tissue (6) (BAMLMM)
1) -blast cells, cyte cells, clast cells
2) adipocytes
3) mast cells
4) leukocytes
5) macrophages
6) mesenchymal
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cells that secrete the connective tissue matrix
blast cells
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cells that maintain the matrix
cyte cells
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cells that degrade the matrix
clast cells
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what do adipocytes (fat cells) contain?
a large droplet of fat
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cells that release histamine and stimulate inflammation
mast cells
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cells that migrate into infected connective tissue
leukocytes (white blood cells)
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a type of WBC that phaocytize debris and bacteria
macrophages
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stem cells that give rise to certain tissue cells
messenchymal cells
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what type of cells are most messenchymal cells?
embryonic
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what does the matrix of connective tissue consist of? (3)
1) fibers
2) ground substance
3) fluid
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types of protein fibers
1) collagen
2) elastic
3) reticular
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abundant fibers that are large, unbranched, very strong (stronger than steel) flexible and resist tension
collagen fibers
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fibers made of elastin, are linked and can stretch
elastic fibers
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fibers that are thin, branched collagen fibers that form a network primarily for the attachment of cells
reticular fibers
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what can the ground substance be?
fluid, viscous or hard
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what does ground substance contain? (2) (WPP)
1) water
2) polysacharides
3) proteins
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what are connective tissues classified based on?
their composition
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types of tissue found in embryonic connective tissue not found in adults
1) mesenchyme
| 2) mucous connective tissue
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what does mesenchyme contain and what does it form?
mesechymal cells with fine fibers and forms other connective tissue
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protects the umbilical cord's blood vessels
mucous connective tissue
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types of adult connective tissue
1) connective tissue proper
2) supporting connective tissue
3) fluid connective tissue
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types of connective tissue proper
loose and dense
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what do loose connective tissues have and lack?
they have abundant ground substance and few fibers
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types of loose connective tissue (3)
1) areolar
2) adipose
3) reticular
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contains different cells and fibers and can distort easily, appears open and is often filler material in the body
areolar tissue
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contains many adipocytes almost filled with lipid to store energy and provides padding and insulation
adipose tissue
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contains reticular fibers that form a 3D framework to support cells in certain organs
reticular tissue
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what does dense connective tissue contain?
many fibers
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what kind of fibers does dense regular connective tissue contain and what does it form?
parallel fibers and form cords and sheets
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what does irregular connective tissue form?
sheets
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what is the structure of Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue/
the matrix is composed of collagen fibers running in somewhat the same direction
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what is the function of Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue?
it's able to withstand great pulling forces exerted in the direction of fiber orientation. great tensile strength and stretch resistance
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where are Dense Regular collagenous connective tissue located?
tendons and ligaments
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what is the structure of Dense Regular Elastic connective tissue/
the matrix is composed of regularly arranged fibers and elastic fibers
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what is the function of dense regular elastic connective tissue?
able to stretch and recoil like a rubber band with strength in the direction of fiber orientation
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where are dense regular elastic connective tissue located? (3)
1) vocal folds
2) elastic ligaments between vertibrae
3) dorsal aspect of the neck
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what is the structure of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?
the matrix is composed of collagen fibers that run in all directions or in alternating planes of fibers in a somewhat single direction
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what is the function of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?
tensile strength capable of withstanding stretching in all directions
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what is the location of dense irregular collagenous connective tissue?
1) sheaths
2) most of the dermis of the skin
3) organ capsules
4) septa
5) outer covering of body tubes
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what is the structure of dense irregular elastic connective tissue?
the matrix is composed of bundles of sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers oriented in multiple directions
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what is the function of dense irregular elastic connective tissue?
capable of strength with stretching and recoil in several directions
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where are dense irregular elastic connective tissue located?
elastic arteries
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what do supporting connective tissues have?
abundant fibers and a rigid hard matrix
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what does cartilage contain?
a rigid, gel-like matrix with fibers, chondrocytes (if fully formed)
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where does cartilage live?
in cavaties called lucunae
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what is cartilage surrounded by?
fibrous perichondrium
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what is the most common cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
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what does hyaline cartilage contain
invisible, closely packed collagen fibers
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what does hyaline cartilage provide?
flexible support
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how does the matrix appear in hyaline cartilage?
transparent (glassy)
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what is the function of hyaline cartilage? (4) (APFF)
1) allows the growth of long bones
2) provides rigidity with some flexibility in the trachea, bronchi, ribs and nose
3) forms strong, smooth yet somewhat flexible articulating surfaces
4) forms the embryonic skeleton
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what does hyaline cartilage NOT have?
a periochdondrium
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what is the location of hyaline cartilage? (6) (GCCNAE)
1) growing long bones
2) cartilage of rings of the respiratory system
3) coastal cartilage of ribs
4) nasal cartilages
5) articulating surface of bones
6) embryonic skeleton
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what does fibrocartilage contain?
interwoven collagen fibers
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what is the toughest cartilage that can withstand pressure?
fibrocartilage
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how are the fibers in fibrocartilage arranged?
in thick bundles
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what is the function of fibrocartilage?
1) somewhat flexible and capable of withstanding considerable pressure
2) connects structures subjected to great pressure
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where is fibrocartilage located?
1) intervertebral disks
2) symphysis pubis
3) articular disks (knee and temporomandibular jaw joints)
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what is the structure of the elastic cartilage?
similar to hylaine cartilage but matrix also contain elastic fibers
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what is the function of the elastic cartilage?
provides rigidity with even more flexibility than hyaline cartilage
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why is elastic cartilage more flexible than hyaline cartilage?
because elastic fibers return to their original shape after being strtched
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where is elastic cartilage located? (3) (EEA)
1) external ears
2) epiglottis
3) auditory tubes
