What is nutrition?
A chemical compound or element that aides in the support of life
What are nutrients needed for?
They are needed by cells in order to grow, divide, live,& function properly.
What are the 5 classifications of nutrients?
~Energy Nutrients ( carbs, fats, & oils) ~Protein ~Vitamins ~Minerals ~Water
What are carbs made of?
Sugars, starches, cellulose, & lignin
What does the body do with carbs?
~burns the carbs for energy for cells
~or is stored when not used
~releases heat for warmth
What do carbs allow energy for?
~Heartbeat
~Walking
~Breathing
~Digestive contractions
What are the two classifications of Carbohydrates?
Simple and complex
What are simple carbs made of?
Sugars and starches
What are complex carbs made of?
Fiber - composed of cellulose and lignin
How are fats and oils different from carbs?
Fats and oils provide more energy than carbs to animals
How much more energy do fats and oils provide compared to carbs?
2.25 times as much
How are fats and oils different from each other?
Fats are solid at body temperature.
Oils are liquid at body temperature.
What are sources of fats & oils?
Cereal grains, rendered animal fat (crisco), oil seeds ( flax seed, sunflower seed
What is a protein?
Organic compounds made up of amino acids
What are proteins used for?
They are used to build body tissue, horns, hooves, hair, internal organs, muscles & skin
Which animals need protein the most?
Pregnant animals
What are sources of protein?
Urea, soybean meal, cotton seed meal, linseed meal, meat meal, fish meal, whey, dried milk
What are vitamins?
Trace organic compounds- needed in small amounts
What are the two types of vitamins?
Fat soluble and water soluble
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
What do fat soluble vitamins do?
They help with healthy eyes, conception rate, & disease resistance
What are water soluble vitamins?
C and B-complex
What do water soluble vitamins do?
They help with teeth and bone formation, increased energy, increased appetite, growth & reproduction.
What are sources of vitamins?
Green leafy hay, milk, cod liver oil
What are minerals?
Inorganic materials needed in trace amounts
What do minerals do?
They provide for bone growth, teeth & tissue, aid in muscular activities, repair body tissue, digestion of feed, other body processes, immunity to diseases
What are sources of minerals?
Mineral blocks & milled into feeds
What are the 2 types of minerals?
Macro minerals and micro minerals
What are the differences between the two types of minerals?
Marco minerals are needed in larger amounts.
Micro minerals are needed in smaller amounts.
What is water?
Water makes up the largest mass of living organisms
How much water do animals need?
Amount needed varies by animal
What percentage of an animal’s body is made up of water?
40%-80%
What does water do?
~Controls body temperature
~Dissolves nutrients
~Acts as a carrier in blood for nutrients
~Is needed for certain chemical reactions in the body
What is a macro mineral?
Mineral needed in larger amounts ( larger than small)
What are the macro minerals?
Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) Sodium (Na) Chlorine (Cl) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Magnesium (Mg)
What does calcium do?
~Bone and teeth development
~Essential for lactating animals and laying hens
~Nerve and Muscle function
What are the deficiency symptoms for calcium?
~Rickets
~Broken bones
~Slow growth
~Milk fever
What is the correct ratio for calcium to phosphorus?
1:1 or 1:2
What are the sources of calcium?
~grains, grain by products, straw, dried manure, grasses
~supplements
~forages
~fishmeal, milk, citrus pulp
What are consequences of calcium toxicity?
~decreased absorption of other minerals
~calcification of soft tissues
~kidney stone formation
Phosphorus functions
bone and teeth development appetite milk and egg production reproduction conversion of cartolene to vitamin A vitamin D utilization
Phosphorous deficiency functions
lameness stiff joints low appetite reduced rate of grain breeding problems
Phosphorous sources
wheat bran meat scraps tankage fish meal dried skim milk legume and grass pastures cereal grain and by products mineral supplements
Salt (sodium and chlorine) functions
maintains osmotic functions
Salt (Na and Cl) deficiency symptoms
lameness
stiff joints
Salt (Na/Cl) sources
Hay salt (loose) salt block
Salt (Na/Cl) toxicity
staggering gait
blindness
nervous disorder
hyperventilation
Potassium (K) functions
osmotic pressure
maintain acid-base balance of body fluids
muscle activity
carb digestion
Potassium (K) deficiency symptoms
slow growth rate
reduced feed consumption
muscle weakness
diarrhea
Potassium (K) sources
forages
grains and concentrates
Potassium (K) toxicity
diarrhea
tremors
heart failure
Magnesium (Mg) functions
activate enzyme systems in body maintenance of nervous system carb digestion use of zinc, phosphorus, and nitrates skeletal development
Mg deficiency symptoms
muscle spasms
convulsions
hyper irritability
Mg sources
could mix with salt or supplement
(if low diet) from softened bones
Sulfur (S) functions
make-up amino acids
lipid metabolism
Sulfur deficiency symptoms
unthriftiness (runt)
slow growth
Sulfur sources
forages (especially legumes)
water
What are the trace/micro minerals
iron (Fe) copper(Cu) zinc (Zn) Iodine (I) Cobalt (Co) Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Selenium (Se) Silicon (Si) Fluorine (F) Chromium (Cr)
Iron (Fe) functions
hemoglobin formation
oxidation of nutrients in cells
Iron (Fe) deficiency symptoms
anemia
Iron (Fe) sources
grains
forages
(trace) mineralized salt with iron
Copper functions
hemoglobin formation activate some enzyme systems hair development and pigment wool growth reproduction lactation
Copper deficiency symptoms
severe diarrhea
slow growth
swelling of joints
weakness at birth
Copper sources
feeds have more than needed
Copper toxicity
levels - above 50ppm
symptoms - anemia, jaundice
Zinc functions
normal development of skin, hair, wool, bones and eyes prevents parakeratosis promotes healing enzyme systems metabolism protein synthesis insulin
Zinc deficiency symptoms
parakertosis (elephant skin swine)
elephant skin on neck, muzzle, back of ears on cattle
Selenium functions
vitamin absorption
Selenium deficiency symptoms
whites muscle disease
retained placenta in ruminants
low fertility in ruminants
diarrhea
Selenium sources
injections*
roughages
Selenium toxicity
death wandering blind staggers stumbling impaired vision
Ingredients in pig and chicken diets are
corn and soybeans
Pig diets are rich in what 5 things?
whole grains vitamins minerals protein energy
Grinding corn is better for pigs and corn b/c
easier digested
prevents feed sorting
Feed sorting
when parts of feed are picked out and eaten first (by color or feed)
What size is pig/ chicken feed?
about 700 microns
Why is 700 microns the best size for pig/chicken feed?
easier on money and best for animal