Final 9 Flashcards
A group of men sworn to speak the truth
Jury
In 1215 a bunch of rebellious barons cornered Johan and forced him to sign the what (Great Charter)
The Magna Carta
Was a provision of the Magna Carta “by legal judgement of his peers or by the law of the land” and is linked the concept of Habeas corpus
Due Process of Law
Means that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
Habeas Corpus
Emerged from the Great Council which English rulers called upon for advice with matters dealing with the Magna Carta
Parliament
Gregory VII ended this. Under this practice the emperor or another layperson (a person not a clergy member) “invested” or presented bishops with the ring and staff that symbolized their office. Only the pope could have the right to appoint bishops in office
Lay Investiture
“Red Beard” wanted to build and empire from the Batlic to the Adriatic Sea. He tried to defeat wealth cities of northern Italy they retaliated by joining forces with the one in the Lombard a League and finally managed to defeat Barbarossa’s armies
Frederick Barbarossa
Decisions of the Royal courts became the foundation of English Legal System based on custom and court ruling
Common Law
What Is Jerusalem and other places in Palestine where Christians believe Jesus lives and preached
Holy Land
What Is the christian campaign to drive Muslims from Spain
Reconquista
A church court set up to try people accused of heresy
Inquisitions
Using reason to support Christian beliefs
Scholasticism
Everyday languages of ordinary people (French, German, Italian)
Vernacular
Is an Italian poet who wrote the divine comedy in the 1300s, his poem takes the reader through an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory
Dante Alighieri
Wrote the Cantebury Tales
Geoffrey Chaucer
Describe a band of pilgrims traveling into Saint Thomas Becket’s tomb
Canterbury Tales
Architecture had flying buttresses or stone supports that stood outside the church- constructing higher thinner walls and left space for stained glass windows allowing for more light to travel through, which was opposite to Romanesque style which was shorter with small windows not allowing a lot of light through making the church gloomy and dark
Gothic Style
Rising of prices broke out as the cost of labor soared
Inflation
Fought for a France as a 17 year old in 1429-she said that God had sent her to save a France-Charles VII was desperate so he authorized her to lead an army against the English-Inspired a battered and despairing French Troops to several victories and planted the seed for future triumphs
Joan of Arc
What is Humanists that studied the classical culture of Greece and Rome
Humanism
Subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry and history
Humanities
Changed during the Renaissance and allowed artists to create realistic Art
Perspective
Who Wrote the Prince which looked at real rulers in age of ruthless poet politics, he stressed that the end justifies the means-urging rulers to use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals
Niccolo Machiavelli
Printed the first complete edition of the bible using a printing press with movable type
Johann Gutenberg
Is an everyday language of ordinary people
Vernacular
Is now used to describe any ideal society often with the implication that a such a society is ultimately impractical
Utopian
Was an English poet and playwright (1590-1613) he wrote 37 plays that are still being performed till today (Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, Romeo and Juliet)
William Shakespeare
Is a lessening of time a should would have to spend in purgatory, a place where souls to impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetimes
Indulgence
A german monk and professor of theology-he drew up 95 Theses (arguments) against indulgences and other things-stating that Christians could only be saved by faith
Martin Luther
Summoned Luther to the Diet (assembly of german princes, a day of meeting) at the city of worms ordered Luther to give him the 95 theses, Luther refused and Charles declared him an outlaw
Charles V
Was another reformed who profoundly affected the directions of the reformation-In 1536 he published a widely-read book that set forth his religious beliefs and explained how to organize and run a Protestant church he preached
John Calvin
A government run by church leaders
Theocracy
Are religious groups that had broken away from an established church
Sects
At first he was a strong “Defender of Faith”, but later became at odds with the church went he wanted to divorce his wife because she wasn’t giving him a son (even though it is now know that depends on the father not the mother) the pope refused to annul his marriage and passed a series of laws that took the English church from the pope’s control and placed it under Henry’s rule
Henry VIII
Henry VIII appointed him as archbishop of the new church; with his new marriage Henry had another daughter Elizabeth
Thomas Cranmer
An acceptable middle ground
Compromise
1545-lead by an Italian Cardinal Carlo Borromeo-met off and on for almost 20 years-the council reaffirmed the traditional catholic views that Protestants and challenged
Council of Trent
Jews were restricted to live in separated quarters of the city called. I’m these places many Jewish people died from starvation, disease, overwork and harsh elements
Ghetto
A polish school he published On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres in it he promised a Heliocentric
Nicolas Copernicus
Sun-centered model of the universe
Heliocentric
Assembled an astronomical telescope- he observed the four moons of Jupiter moved slowly around the planet
Galileo
Both devoted themselves to the understanding how truth is determined-they rejected Aristotle’s scientific assumptions-also the challenged the scholarly traditions of the medieval universities that south to make the physical world fit in with the teachings of the church
Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
This requires scientist to collect and accurately measure data-to explain the data scientists used reasoning to proposed logical hypotheses (a possible explanation)
Scientific Method
He formed a brilliant theory to explain why the planets move as they did-using mathematics he showed that a single force keeps the planets in their orbits around the sun Gravity
Isaac Newton
A branch of mathematics partially developed by Newton and used to explain his laws is still applied today
Calculus
Led the way in sponsoring exploration for Portugal, a small nation next to Spain
Prince Henry
Are mapmakers
Cartographers
Wanted to reach the East Indies-(a group of islands in Southeast Asia, today part of Indonesia)- by sailing west across the Atlantic
Christopher Columbus
Dividing the non-European world into two zones Spain/Portugal
Line of Demarcation
Was signed between the two countries in 1492 (agreeing to the line of demarcation)
Treaty of a Tordesillas
Set out from Spain with five ships to find a way to reach the pacific- he reached the coast of South America- finally ended up finding a way to the pacific now as a Strait of Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan
Means to sail around the world
Circumnavigate
Are large estates run by an owner or an owner’s as the overseer(s)
Plantation
Were religious people who hoped to convert Africans to Christianity
Missionaries
Is the exclusive control of a business or industry
Monopoly
Are distant areas that are under control of a ruling nation, country, or government. During this time the Portuguese and built a trading empire with the military and merchant outpost that were under their control in the rimming southern seas (the area around the southern seas)
Outposts
Was formed by a wealthy Dutch merchants, unlike Portuguese and Spanish trades, it had full sovereign power
Dutch East India Company
Possessing supreme or ultimate power (during this time the Dutch east India company could build armies, wage war, negotiate peace treaties, and govern overseas territory) because of this power it came to dominate the region (India) own power to do what it wants
Sovereign
A spanish explorer who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain in the 1500s and 1600s
Conquistador
Resistance to disease
Immunity
Formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to another’s defense
Alliance
A war fought between groups of people in the same nation
Civil war
A preventative of the long who ruled in his name
Viceroy
The right given to American colonists by the spanish government to demand labor or tribute from native Americans
Encomienda
Member of the highest class in Spain’s colonies in the Americas
Peninsular
An American-born descendant of spanish settlers in Spain’s colonies in the Americas
Creole
A person of Native American and European descent in Spain’s colonies in the Americas
Mestizo
A pirate who operated with the approval of European governments
Privateer
French possession in present-day Canada from the 1500s to 1763
New France
Income
Revenue
English Protestants who rejected the Church of England
Pilgrims
An agreement among people
Compact
The agreement that officially needed the French and Indian war as well as other fighting between France and England, and ensured british dominance in North America
Treaty of Paris
Colonial trade routes among europe and its colonies, the West Indies, and africa in which goods were exchanged for slaves
Triangular Trade
The second leg of triangular trade in which slaves were transported to the Americas
Middle passage
A revolt aboard a ship
Mutiny
A rise in prices that is linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available
Inflation
The period in European history during the 1500s when inflation rose rapidly
Price revolution
An economic system in which most businesses are owned privately
Capitalism
A person who takes on financial risks to make profits
Entrepreneurs
An economic policy in which it was believed that a nation must export more goods than it imports to build its supply of gold and silver
Mercantilism
A tax on an imported good
Tariff
Ferdinand and Isabella’s grandson. Became kind of Spain and thereby ruler of the spanish colonies in the Americas. When his grandfather died he became heir to the sprawling Hapsburg empire, which included Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands. Changed his named to Charles v
Charles I
Charles V was overwhelmed by ruling over _________ empire and abdicated his rule and entered a monastery in 1556
Hapsburg
Charles V gave Spain, the Netherlands, and some southern italian states and Spain overseas empire to his 29 year old son
Philip (who became Philip II)
Is a ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people.
Divine Right
Which is that he believed that his authority to rule came directly from God
Divine Right
Sailed with more than 130 ships, 20,000 men, and 2,400 pieces of artillery-they were confident with victory-this did not pass the English Channel, lumbering spanish ships were outmaneuvered by the lighter faster english ships, the armada scattered and limped home in defeat
Spanish Armada
Was born a peasant as birth-wrote more than 1,500 plays including witty comedies and action-packed romances
Lope de Vega
Was the most important writer of Spain’s golden age-wrote don Quixote
Miguel de Cervantes
Pokes fun at medieval tales of chivalry and is considered to be europes first modern novel
Don Quxiote
Religious Strife- 1560-1590 religious wars between the catholic majority and the French Protestants, called ________ tore france apart
Huguenots
The worst of these incidents began on what day (a catholic holiday). August 24, 1572 while huguenots and catholic nobles gathered for a royal wedding. A plot by catholic royals lead to the massacre of 3,000 huguenots, in the next few days thousands more were slaughtered and this was called
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
In 1598 Henry issues this to protect Protestants and granted Huguenots religious toleration and other freedoms
Edict of Nantes
When Henry IV was killed by an assassin in 1610 his Niger year song Louis XIII inherited the throne-(for a time nobles asserted their power)-than in 1624 Louis him as chief minister. For the next 18 years he devoted to strengthening the central government
Cardinal Richelieu
Spend many hours each day attending the government affairs- to strengthen the state he followed the polices of Richelieu. He appointed intendants- and often other jobs went to wealthy middle class men
Louis XIV
Which are royal officials who collected taxes, recruited soldiers and carried out his politics in the provinces
Intendants
Turned a real hunting lodge into the immense palace of Versailles-he spared no expense to make it the most magnificent building in Europe. It’s halls and salons displayed the finest paintings and statues, and they glittered with chandeliers and mirrors-the Royal gardens had millions of flowers, trees and fountains were set out in precise geometric patterns
Louis XIV
Goal was to maintain a distribution of military and economic power among European nations to prevent any one country from dominating the region
Balance of power
Or rules discoverable by reason governed scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism using the new science reformers thus set out to study human behavior and solve problems of society
Natural Law
Scientific revolution led to another revolution in thinking known as ______
Enlightenment
A german philosopher best known for this work the critique of pure reason- was one of the first to describe this era with word “enlightenment”
Immanuel Kant
Were two 17th century english thinkers set forth ideas that were to become key to the enlightenment they both lived through the upheavals of the english civil war, but they both came to different conclusions
Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
Outlined his ideas in his work titled Leviathan-argued that people were naturally cruel, greedy and selfish and if not strictly controlled they would fight, rob, and oppress another “life of nature”-without laws or other control-would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” to escape this “brutish” life he said that people entered into a social contract. Believed that a powerful government could ensure an orderly society
Hobbes
An agreement by which they gave up their freedom for an organized society
Social Contract
Had more of an optimistic view of human nature. He thought people were basically reasonable and moral. He state used further that they had natural rights
Locke
Or rights that belong to all humans from birth
Natural Rights
Thinkers were called _________. Which means philosophers-their ideas soon spread beyond France and even beyond europe
Philosophes
Was an early influential thinker-he stupid the governments of Europe from Italy to England- he read about ancient and medieval Europe, learned about chinese and Native American cultures-his sharp criticism of absolute monarch would open doors for later debate. His great work was the spirit of the laws, in which he discussed governments throughout history-he believed that the best way to protect liberty was to divide the various functions and poses of government among three branches (legislative, executive, and judicial)
Montesquieu
He used this wit as a weapon to expose abuses of his day-he targeted corrupt officials and idle aristocrats-with his pen he battled inequality, injustice, and superstition- he detested the slave trade and deplored religious prejudice
Voltaire
His work was to do meow than just compile articles- he wanted to “change the general way of thinking” by explaining ideas on topics such as government, philosophy, a religion his work include articles by leading thinkers of the day including Montesquieu and Voltaire
Encyclopedia
Believed that people in their natural states were basically good- that natural innocence he felt was corrupted by evils of society, especially the unequal distribution of property. Many reformers and revolutionaries later adopted this view (Thomas Paine and Marquis de Lafayette-leading figures of the American and French Revolution)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Greatly admired the physiocrat- in his influential work The Wealth of Nations- he argued that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity
Adam Smith
Restricting access to ideas and information-they banned and burned books and imprisoned writers
Censorship
Informal social gatherings art which writers, artists, philsophes and others exchanged ideas
Salons
In this style painted were huge, colorful and full of excitement-they gloried historic battles of the lives of saints
Baroque
Moved away from religious and was lighter, elegant, and charming (compared to the heavy splendor of the baroque style)
Rococo
Absolute rulers- who used their power to bring about political and social change
Enlightened Despots
Continued reform- in Austria, Hapsburg empress Maria ruled as an absolute monarch- although she did not push for reforms, she is considered to be an enlightened despot by some historians because she worked to peasants’ way of life
Joseph II
King George III and his advisors thought that the colonists should help help pay for these wars to increase taxes paid by colonist, Parliament passed this Act in 1764 which imposed import taxes
Sugar Act
Which imposed taxes on items such as newspapers and pamphlets “no taxation without representation” the colonist protests-they believed that sin they did not have a representative in parliament they should not be taxed
Stamp Act
Of Virginia was the principal author of the declaration of independence
Thomas Jefferson
Is a document that reflects John Locke’s ideas of the government’s obligation to protect the people’s natural rights to “life, liberty, and property”. Included another of Locke’s ideas that people had the right to “lather or abolish” unjust governments- a right to revolt
Declaration of Independence
Which states that all government power comes from the people, is alps an important point in the declaration
Popular sovereignty
America, British and a French diplomats signed this. Ended the revolutionary or American Revolution
Treaty of Paris
The articles of confederation was the United States first constitution- it proved to be too weak to rile to address this problem the nation’s leaders gathered once more in Philadelphia- among them were
George Washington, James Madison and Benjamin Franklin
With its powers divided between the federal/national government and the states. Another feature was that the constitution separated the powers of the federal government into the legislative, executive, and the judicial branches
Federal Republic
Everyone in France was divided into social classes or
Estates
_____ estate- made of clergy. Provided some social services- nun, monks, and priests ran schools, hospitals and orphanages. But during the enlightenment, philosophes targeted the church fo reform- they criticized the idleness of some clergy, the church’s interference in politics, and it’s intolerance of dissent
1
_____ estate- made of nobility. Was titled nobility of French society- in the Middle Ages noble Knights had defended the land-in the 1600s Richelieu and Louis XIV had crushed the nobles military power. Though they owned land, they received little financial income
2
_____ estate- made of the rest of the population. Was the most diverse social class- they consists of prosperous bankers, merchant and manufacturers, as well as lawyers, doctors, journalists, and professors, among the poorest members were urban workers
3
Or old order
Ancien Regime
Middle class
Bourgeoisie
This occurs when government spend more money than it takes in
Deficit spending
Was a well-meaning but weak and indecisive-he did however choose wisely and picked Jacques Necker
Louis XVI
A financial expert as an advisor- urged the king to reduce extravagant court spending, reform government and abolish burdensome tariffs open internal trade
Jacque Necker
Or notebooks, listing their grievance- many called for reform such as fairer taxes, freedom of the press, or regular meetings of the estates-general
Cahiers
They swore “never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution
Tennis Court Oath
A grim medieval fortress used as a prison for political and other prisoners
Bastille
1789-1791. Which turned france into a constitutional monarchy
Moderate Phase of the National Assembly
1792-1794. Led to the end of the monarchy and a reign of terror
Radical Phase of Escalating Violence
1795-1799. Against extremisms
Directory Phase of Reaction
1799-1815. Consolidated many revolutionary changes
Phase of Napoleon Phase
The aristocratic “hero of two worlds”- He was the head of the national guard, a largely middle-class militia organized in responses to the arrival of royal troops in Paris. He was known as the Hero of Two Worlds because he also fought alongside George Washington in the American Revolution
Marquis de Lafayette
The document was modeled in part on the American Declaration of Independence, written 13 years earlier and stared: all men are “born and remain free and equal in rights” and had natural rights to “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”
Declaration of the rights of man and the citizen
A journalist demanded equal rights for women in the declaration of the right of women and the female citizen
Olympe de Gouges
What happened on Oct 5, 1791 when six thousand women marched 13 miles in the pouring rain from paris to versailles shouting “bread” demanding to see the king. much of the crowd’s anger was to Marie Antoinette
Women March on Versailles
daughter of Maria Theresa and sister of Joseph II- she lived a life of a great pleasure and extravagance, which led to further public unrest
Maria Antoinette
nobles, clergy, and other who had fled france and it revolutionary forces
Emigres
pushed the revolution into more radical action-they were called this, which means: without breeches because they wore long trousers (pants) instead of fancy knee breeches that upper-class men wore
Sans-Culottes
or government ruled by elected representatives instead of a monarch
republic
the right to vote was to be extended to all male citizens, not just to property owners
Suffrage
was a shrewd lawyer and political quickly rose to the leadership of the committee of public safety-among Jacobins, his selfless dedication to the revolution earned him the nickname “the incorruptible” had embraced Rousseau’s idea of the general will as the source of al legitimate law
Maximilien Robespierre
Robespierre was one of the chief architects, lasted from september 1793 to July 1794
Reign of Terror
its a fast falling blade extinguished life instantly- a member of the legislature Dr. Joseph Guillotin, had introduced it as a more humane method of beheading than the uncertain ax
Guillotine
started to emerge as chaos threatened France, politicians turned to him because he was a popular military hero who had won a series of brilliant victories against the Austrians in Italy
Napoleon Bonaparte
a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country spread throughout France
nationalism
a popular vote
plebiscite
which closed european ports to britsh goods
Continental System
a hit-and-run raids against the french. means little war. Spanish resistance encouraged Austria to resume hostilities against France
Guerrilla War
left the french hungry and cold as winte came
Scorched Earth Policy
they faced the monumental task of restoring stability and order in Europe after years of war
Congress of Vienna
which powers met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace of europe
Concert of Europe
the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
Enclosure
looked at Newcomen’s invention in 1764 and set out to make improvements on the engine in order to make it efficient. his new engine would become a key source of the industrial revolution
James Watt
separate iron from its ore
smelt iron
money used to invest in enterprises
capital
is a business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories
enterprise
were those who managed and assumed the financial risk of starting new businesses
entrepreneurs
also known as cottage industry, in which raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes
putting-out system
created the cotton gin
Eli Whitney
which could deseed cotton
cotton gin
where private roads built by entrepreneurs who would charge travelers a toll, or fee
turnpikes
or multistory building divided into apartments. had no running water, only community pumps
tenements
or workers organizations, were illegal at this time, secret unions did not exists among frustrated British worker
labor unions
saw the effects of the population explosion: crowded slums, hungry families, unemployment and widespread misery
Thomas Malthus
a 1800 british philosopher and economist that was advocating utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham
which was the idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens
Utilitarianism
Is the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production-such as farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produced and distributed goods
Socialism
Early socialist that tried to create societies based on this idea
Utopians
Set up a model community in new Lanark, Scotland, to put his ideas into practice
Robert Owen
A german philosopher condemned the ideas of Utopians as unrealistic idealism. Formed the theory “scientific socialism”-which he claimed was a scientific study of history. He teamed up with another german socialist, Friedrich Engel and together they wrote the pamphlet The Communist Manifesto
Karl Max
A political ideology in which is there a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system
Social Democracy
During the age of the industrial revolution many great ________ emerged
New technologies
Independently developed a new process for making steel from iron
Henry Bessemer
It removed carbon from smell making it lighter, harder, and more durable than iron, it could also be produced cheaply
Bessemer Process
Invented dynamite-which was a much safer explosive to use compared to others at the time
Alfred Nobel
Developed the first battery around 1800
Alessandro Volta
Created the first simple electric motor and the first Dynamo
Michael Faraday
Which is a machine that generates electricity
Dynamo
