Hypothalamus

Question 0

Lateral zone nuclei (2)

Answer 0

Tuberomammillary nucleus

Lateral mammillary nucleus

Question 1

Medial zone nuclei of hypothalamus (6)

Answer 1

Posterior 
Dorsomedial 
Paraventricular
Preoptic 
Ventromedial 
Arcuate 
Suprachiasmatic

Question 2

Preoptic nucleus

Answer 2

Integrates sensory info needed to judge deviation from set points
Thermoregulation, salt water intake, sleep

Question 3

Paraventricular nucleus

Answer 3

Directly interfacing w/ endocrine and autonomic systems

Has glucose-sensitive neurons

Question 4

Supraoptic nuclei

Answer 4

Release vasopressin –> maintain salt and water balance

Has osmosensitive neurons

Question 5

Generate circadian rhythms for hormone release –> body temp, sexual behavior, cycles of activity

Answer 5

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 6

Sexually dimorphic nuclei
Location:
Contains:

Answer 6

Anterior hypothalamus, posterior to preoptic nucleus
Thermosensitive neurons
Involved in sexual orientation

Question 7

Key player in feeding behavior

Appetite and consumption

Answer 7

Arcuate nucleus

Question 8

Regulates satiety

Answer 8

Ventromedial nucleus

Question 9

Regulates complex integrative control of growth, feeding, maturation, reproduction

Answer 9

Dorsomedial nucleus

Question 10

All histaminergic axons in CNS originate from ____

Answer 10

Tuberomamillary nucleus of posterior hypothalamus

Question 11

Histamine has important role in ____

Answer 11

maintenance of wakefulness, sleep, circadian rhythms

Question 12

5 major bundles of white matter in hypothalamus

Answer 12

Fornix
Mammillothalamic tract
Mammillotegmental tract
Medial forebrain bundle 
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Question 13

Fornix connects ____ to ____

Answer 13

Mammillary bodies

Hippocampal formation

Question 14

Mammillothalamic tract connects ____ with ___

Answer 14

Mammillary bodies

Anterior thalamus

Question 15

Mammillotegmental traact connects ____ with ____

Answer 15

Mammillary bodies

Dorsal midbrain

Question 16

Degeneration of fornix and mamillary bodies seen in:

Answer 16

Chronic alcoholism

Amnesia and confusion (Korsakoff’s syndrome)

Question 17

Medial forebrain bundle runs through _____

Connects ____ to ____ (4)

Answer 17

Lateral hypothalamus

Hypothalamus to brainstem (below), basal forebrain, amygdala, cortex (above)

Question 18

Monoaminergic superhighway connecting brainstem to cortex and uses monoaminergic neurotransmitters

Answer 18

Medial forebrain bundle

Question 19

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract runs from ____ to ____ via ____

Answer 19

Paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nuclei
Posterior pituitary
Pituitary stalk

Question 20

Tuberoinfundibular tract runs from ___ to ___

Dopamine released here regulates ___

Answer 20

Arcuate nucleus
Median eminence
Secretion of prolactin from anterior pituitary gland

Question 21

Bitemporal hemianopsia

Answer 21

Tunnel vision

1st reported clinical sign of hypothalamic and pituitary tumor

Question 22

Crossed optic nerve fibers in optic chiasm serve the ____

Answer 22

external (temporal) visual fields

Question 23

Main site where hormones, peptides and other signaling molecules cross blood brain barrier to reach hypothalamus

Answer 23

Median eminence

Question 24

Sensitive to CSF angiotensin II

Answer 24

Subfornical organ (SFO)

Question 25

Sensitive to serum osmolality

Answer 25

Vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (VOLT)

Question 26

Main hypothalamic nuclei that are connected directly with autonomic areas (4)

Answer 26

Paraventricular Arcuate Ventromedial Lateral hypothalamus

Question 27

Major outputs of hypothalamus (3)

Answer 27

Anterior pituitary Posterior pituitary Pre-ganglionic autonomic efferent neurons

Question 28

Releasing hormones are produced by _____ located in ____ (2)

Answer 28

Paravocellular/small neurosecretory cells | Paraventricular nucleus and scattered groups in medial and ventral hypothalamus

Question 29

Magnocellular neurons are located in the ____ nuclei (2) | Synthesize:

Answer 29

Paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei Vasopressin --> water balance Oxytocin --> milk release/uterine contraction

Question 30

Damage to pituitary stalk will sever _____ | Result in ____

Answer 30

Hypothalmo-hypophyseal tract | Loss of vasopressin --> production of large volumes of weak urine by kidneys

Question 31

Hypothalamic output to parasympathetic pre-ganglionics in _____

Answer 31

Midbrain: Edinger-Westphal n. | Pons/medulla: salivatory nuclei, nucleus ambiguus, dorsal vagal nucleus and sacral cord (S2-4)

Question 32

Hypothalamic output to sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons in ___

Answer 32

``` Spinal cord T1-L2 Adrenal medulla (T5-T11) --> control Epi and Norepi release ```

Question 33

Tract composed of diffuse brainstem pathway located in PAG and descending hypothalamic axons and ascending visceral sensory axons

Answer 33

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus

Question 34

Hypothalamospinal pathway passes through ___ | Influence ____

Answer 34

Midbrain and pontine tegmentum Lateral medulla in central tegmental tract Blood pressure, sweating, vasoconstriction, release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 35

Thermogenesis: | Lesion of anterior hypothalamus leads to ____

Answer 35

hyperthermia b/c loss of inhibitory control over thermogenesis

Question 36

Thermogenesis: | Lesion of posterior hypothalamus lead to ____

Answer 36

Hypothermia | Body temperature matching ambient temperature

Question 37

Febrile response mediated by _____

Answer 37

Neurons in medial preoptic area (MPOA) that are sensitive to circulating pyrogens

Question 38

Sleep: | Lesions of the anterior hypothalamus produce ____

Answer 38

insomnia

Question 39

Sleep: | Lesions to the posterior hypothalamus leads to ____

Answer 39

Profound state of sleepiness

Question 40

Central norepinephrine (increase/decrease) feeding

Answer 40

Increase

Question 41

Seratonin (increase/decrease) feeding

Answer 41

Decrease

Question 42

Lesions to ventromedial nucleus result in ____

Answer 42

uncontrollable eating

Question 43

Feeding: | Lesions to lateral hypothalamus result in ____

Answer 43

completely abolishing eating (aphagia) and drinking (adipsia)

Question 44

Feeding: | Lesions of medial hypothalamus (ventral part) result in ____

Answer 44

uncontrollable eating and drinking

Question 45

Salt/water intake: | Lesion to anterior hypothalamus will result ____

Answer 45

total loss of desire to drink

Question 46

Major source of descending control of blood pressure regulation

Answer 46

Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) ---> directly modulate baroreflx

Question 47

Hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis

Answer 47

Control onset of reproductive milestones and reproductive cycles

Question 48

____ is important for onset of puberty

Answer 48

Body mass (leptin)