Microorganisms

Question 1

E. Coli

Answer 1

Rod shaped, Gram -

Question 2

Fusiform

Answer 2

tapered ends

Question 3

Filamentous

Answer 3

thread-like

Question 4

Staphylococcus aureus
Coagulase __
Mode of infection

Answer 4

Spherical, Gram +, coagulase positive, invade and produce exotoxins

Question 5

Streptococcus pyogenes

Mode of infection

Answer 5

Spherical, Gram +, invade and produce exotoxins

Question 6

Streptococcus pneumonia

Answer 6

Spherical, Gram +

Question 7

Neisseria menigitidis

Answer 7

Spherical, encapsulated Gram -, diplococcus

Use glucose and maltose but NOT sucrose

Question 8

Mycobacteria

Answer 8

Acid fast staining

Question 9

Legionella

Answer 9

Silver gram negative

Question 10

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 10

Intracellular bacterial pathogen, form granulomas, NOT inflammation

Question 11

Gram + cell wall made of ____

Answer 11

polymer of N acetyl glucosamine and N acetyl muramic acid
Techoid acid
Lipotechoic acid
NO outer membrane

Question 12

Have (has) hyaluronic acid capsule

Answer 12

Group A streptococci

Question 13

Have (has) poly D-glutamic acid capsule

Answer 13

Bacillus anthracis

Question 14

Have (has) O-acetylated peptidoglycan

Answer 14

Streptococcus pneumonia meningitis
Mostly streptococci
Neisseria

Question 15

Peritrichous flagella

Answer 15

flagella surrounding bacteria

Question 16

Polar flagella

Answer 16

flagella on ends

Question 17

Vacomycin

Answer 17

acts on cell wall

Question 18

Clindamycin

Answer 18

inhibit oxotoxin production, effect 30S ribosome

Question 19

Rifampin

Answer 19

inhibit transcription factor –> great mucosal penetration ability

Question 20

Have (has) spores

Answer 20

Bacillus (aerobic) and Clostridium (anaerobic)

Question 21

Gram - made of _____

Answer 21

Inner membrane
Periplasm: zone b/c plasma membrane and outer membrane
Outer membrane: phospholipid layer –> lipopolysaccharide layer

Question 22

Structure of lipopolysaccharide

Answer 22

(n) O side chain sugars - core polysaccharide - lipid A

Question 23

Gram - shock

Answer 23

LPS –> fever, hypotension

Question 24

Gram + shock

Answer 24

LTA-peptidoglycan –> fever, hypotension

Question 25

LTA-Peptidoglycan interact with ___ and cause ____

Answer 25

TLR-2/6 and TLR 1/2 on APC | IL-1 beta IL-6 fever and TNF-alpha hypotension

Question 26

LPS interact with ___ and cause ___

Answer 26

TLR-4 | IL-1 beta IL-6 fever and TNF-alpha hypotension

Question 27

Superantigen cause _____ and lead to _____

Answer 27

Cross-link interaction b/w TCR and MHC II greater signal response than TLRs --> Leads to: IL-1 beta IL-6 fever TNF-alpha hypotension INFy + IL2 rash TNF-beta hypotension

Question 28

Obligate aerobes

Answer 28

Must have O2 to grow | Uses superoxide dismutase and catalase

Question 29

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 29

May grow in O2 or not (fermentative) | Uses superoxide dismutase and catalase

Question 30

2 examples of obligate aerobes

Answer 30

Bacillus, Mycobacterium

Question 31

2 examples of facultative anaerobes

Answer 31

Staphylococcus, Escherichia

Question 32

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 32

may grow with or without O2 ONLY ferments Has superoxide dismutase but NO catalase

Question 33

Example of aerotolerant anaerobe

Answer 33

Streptococcus

Question 34

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 34

Can only gown without O2 Ferment Don't have either superoxide dismutase or catalase

Question 35

Example of obligate anaerobe

Answer 35

Clostridium

Question 36

Microaerophiles

Answer 36

Prefer reduced amounts of O2 even though they are aerobes

Question 37

2 examples of microaerophiles

Answer 37

Neisseria, Borrelia

Question 38

Quinolone antibiotics (examples)

Answer 38

Target DNA gyrase --> prevent formation of phosphodiester bonds Cipro, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin

Question 39

Metronidazole

Answer 39

Intercalates into DNA and prevents replication Works on anaerobic bacteria Originally used to treat Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 40

Erythromycin

Answer 40

30S ribosome protein synthesis inhibitor

Question 41

Aminoglycosides

Answer 41

Gentamycin Broad spectrum. Kill gram negative. Toxic to humans too. Affect 50S ribosome

Question 42

Tetracycline

Answer 42

Broad spectrum. Impairment of bone development in children. Stained teeth

Question 43

Mupirocin

Answer 43

Topical. Treat impetigo caused by streptococci and staphylococci. Inhibit isoleucine tRNA

Question 44

Viral RNA interacts with ___ and causes ____

Answer 44

TLR 3,7,8,9 | Inflammation

Question 45

Example of enveloped virus

Answer 45

Influenza virus

Question 46

Example of naked virus

Answer 46

Polio virus

Question 47

Prions

Answer 47

infectious proteins that deposit in brain tissue

Question 48

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease and Bovine spongiform encephalopathy caused by ____

Answer 48

deposition of prions

Question 49

Influenza virus belongs to what family?

Answer 49

Orthomyxoviridae

Question 50

APOBEC3G

Answer 50

RNA editing enzyme that slows down replication | Innate defense against viral infection

Question 51

Thucydides Syndrome

Answer 51

Post-influenza staphlococcal TSS

Question 52

Fungi infections activate ______

Answer 52

almost ALWAYS adaptive immunity | TH1 cells --> activate macrophages --> kill fungi

Question 53

Dimorphic

Answer 53

mold at room temp, yeast at body temp

Question 54

Candidiasis

Answer 54

Opportunistic yeast infection --> antibody and Th1

Question 55

Cryptococcus

Answer 55

Opportunistic yeast infection --> antibody and Th1 | Cause millions of cases of meningitis in AIDS pts

Question 56

Parasites cause ____

Answer 56

hypersensitivity reaction | No immunity

Question 57

Nematodes

Answer 57

round worms

Question 58

Cestodes

Answer 58

Tape worms

Question 59

Trematodes

Answer 59

Flukes