individual 10

Question 1

What is Intelligence?

Answer 1

General cognitive ability—how well an individual can learn, reason, problem-solve, and adapt to new situations

Commonly represented by “g” (general intelligence factor), involving fluid and crystallised intelligence.

Question 2

What does fluid intelligence involve?

Answer 2

Reasoning and problem-solving

Fluid intelligence is a component of general intelligence.

Question 3

What does crystallised intelligence refer to?

Answer 3

Knowledge acquired through learning and experience

Question 4

How is Intelligence measured?

Answer 4

IQ (Intelligence Quotient) is the most widely used measure

Standardised tests include WISC, Leiter-3, and Raven’s Progressive Matrices.

Question 5

What does WISC stand for?

Answer 5

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Question 6

What is Raven’s Progressive Matrices used to assess?

Answer 6

Fluid intelligence

Question 7

What is the correlation between IQ and academic achievement?

Answer 7

IQ is strongly correlated with school performance

Reference: Deary et al., 2017.

Question 8

What is a stronger predictor of income than IQ?

Answer 8

Educational attainment

Reference: Ceci & Williams, 1997.

Question 9

What role does conscientiousness play in the relationship between IQ and achievement?

Answer 9

Strengthens the relationship

Question 10

What role does neuroticism play in the relationship between IQ and achievement?

Answer 10

Weakens the relationship

Reference: Bergold & Steinmayr, 2018.

Question 11

How much variance in ‘g’ does working memory explain in younger children?

Answer 11

Approximately 65%

Reference: Giofrè et al., 2013.

Question 12

What becomes a better predictor of performance in older students?

Answer 12

‘g’ (general intelligence)

Question 13

What does working memory at age 5 predict six years later?

Answer 13

Literacy and numeracy skills

Reference: Alloway & Alloway, 2010.

Question 14

What is critical for working memory aside from capacity?

Answer 14

Focus of attention

Reference: Gray et al., 2017.

Question 15

What is linked to intelligence in terms of neurobiology?

Answer 15

Brain structure and function

Question 16

What supports cognitive development in early life?

Answer 16

Myelination

Question 17

What is associated with higher IQ and brain development?

Answer 17

Better nutrition and health

Question 18

What factors influence intelligence?

Answer 18

• Genetics (G)
• Environment (E)
• Gene-environment interactions (G×E)

Question 19

What is the Wilson Effect?

Answer 19

Heritability of IQ increases with age

Question 20

What type of inheritance does intelligence exhibit?

Answer 20

Polygenic

Question 21

What do twin and adoption studies show about IQ heritability?

Answer 21

Substantial heritability (~50-80%)

Question 22

What are early life factors that influence intelligence?

Answer 22

• Cognitively stimulating environments
• Avoiding adversity and trauma
• Nutrition

Question 23

How is breastfeeding associated with cognitive outcomes?

Answer 23

Improved cognitive scores and brain development

References: Deoni et al., 2013; Victora et al., 2015.

Question 24

What negative effects can malnutrition and low birth weight have?

Answer 24

Negatively affect IQ

Question 25

How can parental behavior influence IQ?

Answer 25

First-borns often receive more cognitive stimulation ## Footnote Reference: Lehmann et al., 2014.

Question 26

What can affect spatial navigation ability in adulthood?

Answer 26

City street design ## Footnote Example: grid vs. chaotic layout.

Question 27

What is the Flynn Effect?

Answer 27

Substantial increases in IQ scores across the 20th century

Question 28

What are some causes of the Flynn Effect?

Answer 28

* Better nutrition * Health * Education * Increased complexity in modern environments

Question 29

What is the Anti-Flynn effect?

Answer 29

Reversal of IQ score increases seen in recent years ## Footnote Example: Norway, USA.

Question 30

What should the emphasis be on when studying IQ by ethnicity/gender?

Answer 30

Social/environmental factors, not biological determinism

Question 31

What is a key ethical consideration when interpreting group-level IQ differences?

Answer 31

Need for caution

Question 32

What is intelligence shaped by?

Answer 32

* Biology * Experience * Environment

Question 33

Is IQ predictive of outcomes?

Answer 33

Yes, but not destiny

Question 34

What matters in understanding intelligence?

Answer 34

Environmental enrichment