individual 11 Flashcards
(21 cards)
What does the Scottish Mental Surveys aim to investigate?
The stability of intelligence across the lifespan
The studies conducted in 1932 and 1947 examined whether clever children remain clever adults.
What is the correlation between childhood and old-age IQ according to the findings?
Strong correlation (>0.6, possibly 0.7)
Indicates relative stability of intelligence across the lifespan.
At what age did people often score better on IQ tests, and why?
Age 77, likely due to practice or improved life circumstances
Rankings stayed similar despite the score improvement.
Which type of intelligence tends to decline with age?
Fluid intelligence
This includes problem-solving and novel reasoning abilities.
What type of intelligence often remains stable or improves with age?
Crystallised intelligence
This includes knowledge and vocabulary.
What is Cognitive Reserve?
The capacity to show slower cognitive decline due to education, enrichment, and stimulating environments
Linked to brain resilience against ageing and pathology.
According to Deary et al. (2007), what does IQ at age 11 predict?
GCSEs at age 16
IQ accounted for over 50% of GCSE variance.
What other factors, besides IQ, influence educational outcomes?
- Motivation
- Environment
- Teaching
These factors also play significant roles in academic success.
What did Schmidt & Hunter (1998) conclude about IQ and job success?
IQ is the best predictor of job performance, especially in complex jobs
Other predictors include conscientiousness and integrity.
What does Emotional Intelligence (EI) predict according to Goleman (1998)?
Job performance, wellbeing, and interpersonal effectiveness
EI may be more important than IQ in workplace success.
What is the relationship between higher IQ and longevity?
Higher IQ in early adulthood is linked to lower mortality risk 20 years later
Studies by Batty et al. (2009) and Calvin et al. (2017) support this finding.
What health risks are associated with higher IQ at age 11?
- Cardiovascular disease
- Stroke
- Smoking-related diseases
- Dementia
Higher IQ is linked to lower risk of these conditions.
What mental health issues are linked to lower childhood IQ?
- Schizophrenia
- PTSD
- Depression
- Psychological distress
Studies show higher childhood IQ correlates with reduced adult distress.
What are some hypotheses for why IQ predicts health outcomes?
- Better decision-making
- More access to health information/resources
- Genetic and biological resilience
- Socioeconomic factors & early life conditions
The exact reasons are not fully known.
What did Lehmann et al. (2014) find about birth order and cognitive scores?
First-borns tend to score higher on cognitive tests
This is explained by more cognitive stimulation and maternal attention.
What is the effect of longer breastfeeding on cognitive development?
Better brain development, IQ, and education/income
Studies by Deoni et al. (2013) and Victora et al. (2015) support this.
What early life factor can lead to lower cognitive outcomes?
Low birth weight
This finding is supported by research from Powls & Cooke (1998).
What significant trend was observed in the 20th century regarding IQ scores?
IQ scores rose globally
The biggest gains were in fluid intelligence.
What are potential causes of the Flynn Effect?
- Improved nutrition
- Education
- Smaller families
- Less disease burden
- Urbanisation and environmental complexity
These factors may have contributed to rising IQ scores.
What is the Anti-Flynn Effect?
Recent IQ declines in some countries
Driven by environmental, not genetic, factors according to Bratsberg & Rogeberg (2018).
What is a summary takeaway about intelligence across the lifespan?
Intelligence is relatively stable over life and strongly predicts education, occupation, and health outcomes
Both nature and nurture shape intelligence.
