individual 6

Question 1

What are monozygotic twins?

Answer 1

Twins from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, sharing 100% of their genes

Question 2

What are dizygotic twins?

Answer 2

Twins from two separate fertilized eggs, sharing 50% of their genes

Question 3

What is the main purpose of twin studies?

Answer 3

To isolate the effects of genes and environment on traits or disorders

Question 4

True or False: Identical twins share the same environment.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What is a significant problem with twin studies?

Answer 5

Identical twins are often treated more similarly than fraternal twins

Question 6

What do adoption studies compare?

Answer 6

Biological families and adoptive families

Question 7

In adoption studies, what does similarity to biological parents suggest?

Answer 7

Genetic influence

Question 8

In adoption studies, what does similarity to adoptive parents suggest?

Answer 8

Environmental influence

Question 9

What is heritability?

Answer 9

A measure of how much variation in a trait is due to genetic differences

Question 10

What is the heritability estimate for Extraversion?

Answer 10

0.53

Question 11

What is the heritability estimate for Neuroticism?

Answer 11

0.41

Question 12

What is the heritability estimate for Openness to Experience?

Answer 12

0.61

Question 13

What does a heritability estimate of 50% for IQ mean?

Answer 13

Half of the differences in intelligence can be accounted for by genetic differences

Question 14

What is the Candidate Gene Approach?

Answer 14

A hypothesis-driven method to identify specific genes linked to traits

Question 15

What gene is associated with Novelty Seeking?

Answer 15

DRD4 dopamine receptor gene

Question 16

What does the DRD4 7R allele result in?

Answer 16

Less affinity for dopamine binding, leading to higher Novelty Seeking

Question 17

What is the association between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and Neuroticism?

Answer 17

Short allele linked to higher Neuroticism scores

Question 18

What is the problem of non-replication in genetic studies?

Answer 18

Variability in results across numerous studies with small effect sizes

Question 19

What do Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) show about genetic effects on personality?

Answer 19

They show small genetic effects, raising the problem of missing heritability

Question 20

What do gene-environment interactions (GxE) imply?

Answer 20

Environmental factors can influence the expression of genetic traits

Question 21

What is epigenetics?

Answer 21

The study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the DNA sequence

Question 22

What is the Belsky, Steinberg, and Draper hypothesis?

Answer 22

Childhood experiences influence reproductive strategies and personality development

Question 23

What is a fast life history strategy?

Answer 23

Characterized by early reproduction and reduced investment in offspring

Question 24

What do studies by Nettle et al. (2011) show about early adversity?

Answer 24

Linked to younger age at first pregnancy

Question 25

What is the puzzle of causality?

Answer 25

The difficulty in determining whether one variable truly causes another

Question 26

What are Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)?

Answer 26

The most common type of genetic difference among people

Question 27

What is the significance of the epigenome?

Answer 27

Modifies DNA expression without changing the genes

Question 28

What is Developmental Systems Theory?

Answer 28

A concept that personality is shaped by a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Question 29

What is post-translational modification?

Answer 29

Modification of proteins after translation ## Footnote It includes processes like phosphorylation, glycosylation, and ubiquitination.

Question 30

What does the epigenome do?

Answer 30

Modifies DNA expression without changing the genes ## Footnote This process can affect how genes are expressed without altering the underlying DNA sequence.

Question 31

How can environmental factors influence personality?

Answer 31

By altering gene activity ## Footnote Environmental influences can lead to changes in how genes are expressed, impacting personality traits.

Question 32

What is transgenerational epigenetics?

Answer 32

Changes that can be passed to offspring ## Footnote This concept indicates that epigenetic modifications can affect subsequent generations.

Question 33

What does Developmental Systems Theory emphasize about personality?

Answer 33

The interaction between genes and environment across development ## Footnote It suggests that personality development is a dynamic process rather than a simple genetic or environmental dichotomy.

Question 34

What method was used to uncover complex genotypic–phenotypic networks?

Answer 34

Machine learning method for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) ## Footnote This approach helps identify relationships between genetic variants and personality traits.

Question 35

What are 'clusters of SNPs'?

Answer 35

Groups of single nucleotide polymorphisms within individuals ## Footnote These clusters are associated with distinct profiles of character traits.

Question 36

How many SNP sets were identified in the study related to personality traits?

Answer 36

42 SNP sets ## Footnote These sets identified 727 gene loci significantly associated with character profiles.

Question 37

What traits are associated with specific gene sets according to the study?

Answer 37

* Intentional goal-setting - Conscientiousness * Self-reflection - Neuroticism * Empathy - Agreeableness * Episodic learning and memory - Openness/intellect/IQ ## Footnote These traits are linked to molecular processes modulated by the identified gene sets.

Question 38

What percentage of heritability for character is explained across cultures and environments?

Answer 38

50 to 58% ## Footnote This indicates a significant genetic contribution to personality traits.

Question 39

What is the postulation about personality heritability?

Answer 39

It is distributed in multiple networks of interacting genetic and environmental variables ## Footnote This suggests that the complexity of personality heritability is not solely due to missing genes.

Question 40

What are the key influences on personality?

Answer 40

* Genes * Environment ## Footnote Both play significant roles in shaping personality, with their balance depending on specific evaluations and circumstances.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: Personality development is a complex interaction of ______, environment, and epigenetics.

Answer 41

[genetics]

Question 42

True or False: The study found that early life experiences do not influence personality.

Answer 42

False ## Footnote Early life experiences are significant in shaping personality and reproductive strategies.