individual 8

Question 1

What is intelligence?

Answer 1

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt.

Question 2

List the types of intelligence according to Sternberg and Gardner.

Answer 2

• Analytical
• Creative
• Practical
• Emotional

Question 3

True or False: Intelligence is a single ability.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

What do IQ tests attempt to quantify?

Answer 4

Intelligence via standardised tasks.

Question 5

What is the distribution pattern of IQ scores?

Answer 5

Normally distributed (bell curve).

Question 6

What is the correlation between brain size and intelligence?

Answer 6

Modest correlation (~0.3–0.4).

Question 7

What does grey matter consist of?

Answer 7

Neuronal cell bodies.

Question 8

How is grey matter related to intelligence?

Answer 8

More grey matter in frontal and parietal lobes is associated with higher intelligence.

Question 9

What is the role of white matter in the brain?

Answer 9

Supports communication between regions.

Question 10

What does the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) suggest?

Answer 10

Intelligence arises from a distributed network involving multiple brain regions.

Question 11

Which brain regions are involved in the P-FIT model?

Answer 11

• Frontal lobes: problem-solving, planning
• Parietal lobes: integration of sensory info
• Occipital & temporal lobes: perception & memory

Question 12

What is the Neural Efficiency Hypothesis?

Answer 12

More intelligent individuals show less activation in the brain during cognitive tasks.

Question 13

True or False: Higher intelligence is associated with less efficient brain resource usage.

Answer 13

False

Question 14

What is the relationship between working memory and fluid intelligence?

Answer 14

Working memory is strongly related to fluid intelligence.

Question 15

What percentage of heritability is associated with intelligence?

Answer 15

50–80%

Question 16

What are gene-environment interactions?

Answer 16

Genes set potential; environment shapes expression.

Question 17

What characterizes Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC) in terms of intelligence?

Answer 17

High systemising, pattern recognition; strong in certain domains.

Question 18

How does ADHD relate to intelligence?

Answer 18

Often associated with lower working memory performance, but not always lower IQ.

Question 19

What is a common characteristic of individuals with dyslexia?

Answer 19

Phonological processing deficits.

Question 20

What factors can enhance cognitive development?

Answer 20

• Early nutrition
• Education
• Social interaction
• Enrichment

Question 21

What happens to fluid intelligence as people age?

Answer 21

It tends to decline.

Question 22

What is the Flynn Effect?

Answer 22

The observed rise in IQ scores over time across populations.

Question 23

Who proposed the P-FIT model?

Answer 23

Jung & Haier (2007)

Question 24

What is the relationship between brain volume and intelligence according to meta-analyses?

Answer 24

Small positive correlation.

Question 25

True or False: Larger brain volume inevitably leads to higher IQ.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

What is the significance of brain efficiency in intelligence?

Answer 26

Higher intelligence may correlate with decreased cerebral metabolism after practice.

Question 27

What does research show about sex differences in brain volume and IQ?

Answer 27

Adult male brains are larger, but there are no overall IQ differences.

Question 28

What is the role of environmental factors in intelligence?

Answer 28

They can enhance or negatively affect cognitive development.

Question 29

What are the effects of prolonged stress on intelligence?

Answer 29

Can negatively affect brain development and intelligence.

Question 30

Fill in the blank: Intelligence is influenced by a combination of ______, brain structure/function, and environment.

Answer 30

[genetics]

Question 31

What is the relationship between cerebral metabolism and learning a complex visuo-spatial task according to Haier et al. (1992a)?

Answer 31

Decreased cerebral metabolism after practice ## Footnote This suggests brain efficiency improves with practice.

Question 32

What finding did Haier et al. (1992b) report regarding higher IQ participants after learning to play Tetris?

Answer 32

More pronounced decreased in cerebral metabolism ## Footnote This indicates a potential link between IQ and brain efficiency.

Question 33

What was the sample size and gender distribution in the study by Haier and Benbow (1995)?

Answer 33

22 male and 22 female participants ## Footnote Half had high SAT-Maths Scores and half had average SAT-Maths Scores.

Question 34

What significant correlation was found among male participants in the Haier and Benbow (1995) study?

Answer 34

Correlation between math score and glucose metabolism in the temporal lobes bilaterally ## Footnote Specifically in middle, inferior, and posterior regions analogous to BAs 20, 21, 22.

Question 35

What correlation was found in female participants in the Haier and Benbow (1995) study?

Answer 35

No correlations with math scores ## Footnote This highlights potential gender differences in brain function related to mathematics.

Question 36

According to Ryman et al. (2016), what was the relationship between white matter efficiency and IQ in male participants?

Answer 36

No correlation with IQ ## Footnote This suggests different neural efficiency metrics for males and females.

Question 37

What was the finding regarding grey matter differences in male participants according to Ryman et al. (2016)?

Answer 37

Significant positive relationship between fronto-parietal grey matter region volumes and intelligence ## Footnote This indicates a specific brain region's role in male intelligence.

Question 38

How did total grey matter volume relate to intelligence in female participants according to Ryman et al. (2016)?

Answer 38

Total grey matter volume predicted intelligence, but no regional contribution was evident ## Footnote This suggests a different mechanism of intelligence in females compared to males.

Question 39

What do the results of Ryman et al. (2016) suggest about brain structure and intelligence?

Answer 39

Efficiency of white matter organization and total grey matter volume predictive of intelligence in females ## Footnote Intelligence in males was primarily related to fronto-parietal grey matter volume.

Question 40

What was the focus of the study by Finn et al. (2015)?

Answer 40

Explored functional connectivity patterns across the whole brain and within 10 key networks ## Footnote The study involved 126 participants and multiple imaging sessions.

Question 41

What was a key finding regarding individual connectivity patterns in Finn et al. (2015)?

Answer 41

Individual connectivity patterns were stable across all conditions ## Footnote This stability suggests a consistent brain organization for cognitive tasks.

Question 42

What did Finn et al. (2015) find about connectivity patterns and fluid intelligence?

Answer 42

Connectivity profiles could predict levels of fluid intelligence ## Footnote Fluid intelligence was measured using matrix reasoning.

Question 43

What are the two types of intelligence identified in the three-level hierarchy of mental ability test scores (WAIS-IV)?

Answer 43

* Crystallised Intelligence * Fluid Intelligence

Question 44

What does a connectotype describe?

Answer 44

Distinct pattern of brain activity that characterizes an individual's mind ## Footnote It implies that mental processes do not enlist identical neural pathways in every person.

Question 45

What characteristic of connectotypes is noted in the research?

Answer 45

Stable over time and resemble family members more than strangers ## Footnote This suggests a heritable aspect of brain connectivity.

Question 46

What early evidence was suggested regarding brain efficiency and intelligence?

Answer 46

Brain efficiency may underpin higher intelligence ## Footnote This suggests that less brain activity could correlate with higher cognitive performance.

Question 47

What are the key questions regarding intelligence that are highlighted for PSY2004?

Answer 47

* What is intelligence? * How is it measured? * The neurobiology of intelligence * The Nature/Nurture debate * The genetics of IQ * The Flynn Effect * Environmental factors * Relation to ageing and life outcomes