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Question 1

What is the definition of intelligence according to Gottfredson (1997)?

Answer 1

Intelligence is a general capability that includes the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience.

Intelligence reflects a deeper cognitive ability to make sense of the world, beyond just book smarts or test-taking ability.

Question 2

Is intelligence a single ability or a combination of multiple abilities?

Answer 2

Combination of multiple abilities.

Question 3

Can intelligence be taught?

Answer 3

Yes.

Question 4

Is intelligence measurable?

Answer 4

Yes.

Question 5

Are there multiple intelligences?

Answer 5

Yes/No.

Question 6

Is intelligence testing scientific or pseudo-science?

Answer 6

Scientific.

Question 7

Who was the first to attempt standardizing intelligence tests?

Answer 7

Francis Galton.

Question 8

What term did Francis Galton coin in relation to intelligence studies?

Answer 8

Correlation.

Question 9

What was Galton’s hypothesis regarding intelligence?

Answer 9

Intelligence correlates with physical traits (e.g., reflexes, muscle strength, head size).

Question 10

What did Galton’s twin studies aim to test?

Answer 10

The influence of genetics on intelligence.

Question 11

What is eugenics according to Galton?

Answer 11

Selective breeding to ‘improve’ human intelligence.

Question 12

What are the two types of eugenics?

Answer 12

• Positive Eugenics: Encouraging highly intelligent people to have more children.
• Negative Eugenics: Forced sterilization and institutionalization of marginalized groups.

Question 13

What landmark case legalized sterilization for those deemed ‘unfit’?

Answer 13

Buck v. Bell (1927, U.S. Supreme Court).

Question 14

What is the ‘g’ factor identified by Charles Spearman?

Answer 14

A latent factor that explains correlations between cognitive tasks.

Question 15

What percentage of IQ variance can be attributed to general intelligence (g)?

Answer 15

50%.

Question 16

Who created the Simon-Binet Intelligence Scale?

Answer 16

Alfred Binet.

Question 17

What concept did Alfred Binet introduce related to intelligence?

Answer 17

Mental Age vs. Chronological Age.

Question 18

What is the WAIS-IV?

Answer 18

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the latest version assessing intelligence in multiple domains.

Question 19

What are the domains assessed by WAIS-IV?

Answer 19

• Verbal Comprehension
• Perceptual Reasoning
• Working Memory
• Processing Speed

Question 20

What is the mean IQ and standard deviation in IQ standardization?

Answer 20

Mean IQ = 100, Standard Deviation = 15.

Question 21

What is the range for 68% of people scoring on the IQ scale?

Answer 21

85-115.

Question 22

What is the range for 95% of people scoring on the IQ scale?

Answer 22

70-130.

Question 23

What does the Flynn Effect suggest?

Answer 23

IQ scores have risen over generations due to improved education, nutrition, and environment.

Question 24

What factors shape intelligence?

Answer 24

• Genetics
• Environment

Question 25

What is the estimated heritability of IQ in adulthood?

Answer 25

50-80%.

Question 26

What environmental factors influence intelligence?

Answer 26

* Early childhood nutrition * Parental education & socio-economic status * Schooling & cognitive stimulation

Question 27

What is a correlation between higher IQ and life outcomes?

Answer 27

* Academic achievement * Job performance & income * Health & longevity * Lower risk of criminal behavior

Question 28

True or False: Intelligence is the sole predictor of life outcomes.

Answer 28

False.

Question 29

What ethical concerns exist in intelligence research?

Answer 29

* Bias in intelligence tests * Cultural differences in cognitive skills

Question 30

Is there strong evidence for biological sex differences in general intelligence?

Answer 30

No.

Question 31

What does the hierarchical model of intelligence consist of?

Answer 31

* Level 3: General Intelligence (g) * Level 2: Cognitive Domains * Level 1: Specific Abilities (s)

Question 32

What do cross-cultural perspectives suggest about Spearman's g?

Answer 32

It is universal across different populations.

Question 33

What should intelligence measures consider?

Answer 33

Culturally appropriate tasks.

Question 34

Summarize key takeaways about intelligence.

Answer 34

* Intelligence includes reasoning, problem-solving, and learning. * It is measurable and correlates with important life outcomes. * Genetics and environment both play a role in IQ development. * The Flynn Effect indicates intelligence can improve over generations. * Intelligence tests should be fair, unbiased, and culturally appropriate.