Inductive versus deductive reasoning Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is deductive reasoning?
Deductive reasoning starts with a general rule or theory and applies it to a specific case to reach a logically certain conclusion.
What is inductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations and uses them to make a generalisation or theory that is probable but not certain.
In which direction does deductive reasoning move?
From general to specific.
In which direction does inductive reasoning move?
From specific to general.
Which type of reasoning leads to a definite conclusion if the premises are true?
Deductive reasoning.
Which type of reasoning leads to a likely or probable conclusion?
Inductive reasoning.
If a deductive argument has true premises and valid logic, what can be said about the conclusion?
The conclusion must be true.
Can inductive reasoning ever guarantee the truth of its conclusion?
No, inductive reasoning only makes the conclusion probable, not certain.
“All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.” What type of reasoning is this?
Deductive.
“I’ve seen five rainy days in April. Therefore, April must be a rainy month.” What type of reasoning is this?
Inductive.
“Every swan I’ve seen is white. Therefore, all swans are white.” What type of reasoning is this?
Inductive.
“All dogs are mammals. Rover is a dog. Therefore, Rover is a mammal.” What type of reasoning is this?
Deductive.
What does “Deductive = Definite” help you remember?
That deductive reasoning gives a certain conclusion if premises are true.
What does “Inductive = Infer from Instances” help you remember?
That inductive reasoning involves drawing general conclusions from specific examples.
What does “Deductive = Downward” mean?
That deductive reasoning moves from a general idea down to a specific conclusion.
What does “Inductive = Increasing” mean?
That inductive reasoning builds upward from specific observations to a general theory.
How is deductive reasoning like a funnel?
It starts wide with a general rule and narrows down to a specific conclusion.
How is inductive reasoning like building blocks?
It stacks individual facts or cases to form a larger generalisation.
Which profession suits deductive reasoning: detective or scientist?
Detective—because deductives apply known rules to specific cases.
Which profession suits inductive reasoning: detective or scientist?
Scientist—because scientists observe and then create theories.
How is deductive reasoning like maths?
It uses set rules to arrive at clear, logical answers.
How is inductive reasoning like weather forecasting?
It uses past patterns to predict future trends, but the result isn’t certain.
Which reasoning is often used in mathematics and formal logic?
Deductive reasoning.
Which reasoning is commonly used in scientific investigation?
Inductive reasoning.
