Infection 2 - Antimicrobials

Question 1

Which antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?

Answer 1

• Beta-lactams

- Glycopeptides

Question 2

Which antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis?

Answer 2

• Tetracyclines
• Macrolides
• Aminoglycosides

Question 3

Which antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

Answer 3

Quinolones

Question 4

What is the mechanism of action of Beta-lactams?

Answer 4

Inhibit cell wall synthesis:

• Express beta-lactamase genes
• Prevents peptidoglycan crosslinking

Question 5

What are the 4 main classes of Beta-lactams?

Answer 5

1) Penicillins
2) Cephalosporins
3) Carbapenems
4) Monobactams

Question 6

What type of antibiotic would you use to treat Streptococcus?

Answer 6

• Penicillin
• Meropenem
• Tetracycline

Question 7

Which antibiotics make up the triple therapy given for Helicobacter pylori (with proton pump inhibitors)?

Answer 7

1) Amoxicillin

2) Clarithromycin

Question 8

Which types of penicillin are active against most gram positives and negatives, and anaerobes?

Answer 8

• Co-Amoxiclav

- Tazocin

Question 9

Which cephalosporin is used against Neisseria meningitidis and gonorrheoa?

Answer 9

Ceftriaxone

Question 10

What type of antibiotic are cephalosporins?

Answer 10

Beta-lactam

Question 11

What type of antibiotic are penicillins?

Answer 11

Beta-lactam

Question 12

What type of antibiotic are carbapenems?

Answer 12

Beta-lactam

Question 13

What type of antibiotic are monobactams?

Answer 13

Beta-lactam

Question 14

Name a carbapenem:

Answer 14

• Meropenem

- Imipenem

Question 15

Name a monobactam:

Answer 15

Aztreonam

Question 16

What is the mechanism of action of glycopeptides:

Answer 16

Inhibit cell wall synthesis:

- prevents peptidoglycan incorporation

Question 17

What makes vancomycin a better antibiotic than penicillin?

Answer 17

Vancomycin has a lipid target, whereas Penicillin has a protein target.
Proteins are more variable and more likely to mutate, making antibiotic resistance against penicillin more likely.

Question 18

What types of bacteria are glycopeptides (ie vancomycin) active against?

Answer 18

Most gram positive bacteria

Question 19

What antibiotic would you use to treat a severe Clostridium difficile infection?

Answer 19

Vancomycin

Question 20

Name 2 glycopeptides:

Answer 20

• Vancomycin

- Teicoplanin

Question 21

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines?

Answer 21

Inhibit protein synthesis:

- Inhibit translation by preventing amino acyl tRNA’s from associating with the ribosomes

Question 22

Which antibiotics would you use against MRSA?

Answer 22

• Vancomycin

- Clarithromycin

Question 23

What type of antibiotic is often used against Chlamydia/Acne/Rosacea etc?

Answer 23

Tetracycline

Question 24

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

Answer 24

Inhibit protein synthesis:

- Bind to 30s ribosome

Question 25

What type of bacteria are aminoglycosides active against?

Answer 25

Mostly gram negative

Question 26

Name 2 types of aminoglycosides:

Answer 26

- Nitrofurantoin | - Gentamycin

Question 27

What type of antibiotics would you use against UTIs?

Answer 27

- Nitrofurantoin | - Trimethoprim

Question 28

What are the drawbacks of using gentamycin?

Answer 28

- Narrow therapeutic window - Nephrotoxic - Ototoxic

Question 29

Which antibiotic is only used for severe gram negative sepsis?

Answer 29

Gentamycin

Question 30

What is the mechanism of action of macrolides?

Answer 30

Inhibit protein synthesis

Question 31

Name 3 macrolides:

Answer 31

1) Erythromycin 2) Clarithromycin 3) Azithromycin

Question 32

What type of antibiotic would you use against Legionella pneumophila?

Answer 32

Erythromycin

Question 33

What type of antibiotic is often used for skin or upper respiratory tract infections?

Answer 33

Macrolides: Erythromycin/Clarithromycin/Azithromycin

Question 34

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones:

Answer 34

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis | - Inhibit DNA gyrase

Question 35

Name a quinolone:

Answer 35

Ciprofloxacin

Question 36

What type of bacteria is ciprofloxacin active against?

Answer 36

Gram negative bacteria

Question 37

What type of antibiotic prevents folic acid synthesis?

Answer 37

Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors - Trimethoprim - Co-Trimoxazole

Question 38

What are the 2 main classes of antifungals?

Answer 38

1) Azoles | 2) Polyenes

Question 39

Name 2 types of Azoles:

Answer 39

- Fluconazole - Itraconazole - Voricanazole - Posaconazole

Question 40

What type of antibiotic would you use against Candida albicans?

Answer 40

- Nystatin (topical) | - Fluconazole (oral)

Question 41

Name 2 types of polyenes:

Answer 41

1) Nystatin | 2) Amphotericin

Question 42

What antibiotic would you use against Chlamydia?

Answer 42

- Azithomycin | - Tetracycline

Question 43

Name the antiviral active against Influenza A + B:

Answer 43

Oseltamivir 'Tamiflu'

Question 44

What is Aciclovir used for?

Answer 44

- Herpes simplex virus (genital herpes, encephalitis) | - Herpes varicella zoster virus (Chickenpox, shingles)

Question 45

Name an antiprotozoal, which is also active against anaerobic bacteria:

Answer 45

Metronidazole

Question 46

What is Metronidazole used for?

Answer 46

- Clostridium difficile - Bacterial vaginosis - Ameobiasis - Giardiasis - Trichomoniasis

Question 47

Which antibiotic is used against herpes infections? (simplex and varicella zoster)

Answer 47

Aciclovir