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Parasitology > Intestinal & Tissue Coccidian + Babesia (nd onting malaria quiz) > Flashcards

Intestinal & Tissue Coccidian + Babesia (nd onting malaria quiz) Flashcards

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1
Q

What do you call the group of microscoping, spore-forming, unicellular obligate intracellular protozoans?

A

Coccidians

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2
Q

The intestinal sporozoa of man includes what species?

A
  • Isosospora belli (Cystoisospora belli)
  • Cryptosporidium parvum
  • Cyclospora cayetanensis

+ 2 species of Sarcocystis

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3
Q

The sporozoans are part of Phylum what?

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

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4
Q

____ is a parasite of epithelial cells of the intestine, in which it may undergo repeated asexual development, with consequent destruction of the surface layer of considerable portions of the intestine.

A

Isospora

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5
Q

Isospora parasites’ sexual stages occur and culminate in ____ and passed in ____.

A

oocysts; feces

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6
Q

C. belli cycle

The immature oocysts released from the intestinal wall and passed in feces undergo development in stool. With that, the spherical mass of undivided protoplasm contained inside the immature oocyst divides to form how many sporoblasts?

A

2 sporoblasts

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7
Q

C. belli cycle

The two sporoblasts develop heavy cyst walls and become known as what?

A

sporocysts

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8
Q

C. belli cycle

Within each sporocyst, how many curved, sausage-shaped sporozoites develop?

A

4

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9
Q

C. belli cycle

The whole process of maturation from the protoplasm-containing immature oocyst to containing fully developed sporocysts and sporozoites takes ____ to ____ days

A

4 to 5 days

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10
Q

C. belli cycle

After mature oocysts w/ sporozoites are ingested by human hosts, sporocysts will excyst and undergo schizogony where?

A

small intestine

they will undergo schizogony in the epithelial cells

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11
Q

C. belli cycle

____ results in the development of unsporulated/immature oocysts that are excreted in the stool.

A

Fertilization

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12
Q

C. belli cycle

Sporulation usually occurs within how many hours after passage w/ stool?

A

48 hours

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13
Q

Infective stage of C. belli?

A

Mature (Sporulated) oocysts

w/ 2 sporocysts & 4 sporozoite in each sporocyst

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14
Q

Diagnostic stage of Cytoisospora belli?

A

Unsporulated oocyst

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15
Q

MOT of C. belli

A

Ingestion of contaminated food and water

= fecal-oral possible too

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16
Q

C. belli may be seen in stool through DFS and Conc. techniques. In direct microscopic examination, the smears must be stained w/ what?

A

Iodine

iodine-stained smear

this is ‘cause oocysts are transparent and difficult to recognize if smears are unstained

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17
Q

C. belli may be seen in stool through DFS and Conc. techniques. What concentration technique/s may be used?

A
  • ZnSO4
  • Sheather’s sugar flotation
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18
Q

What is the most sensitive and accurate method for detecting C. belli oocysts in feces?

A

Sheather’s sugar flotation technique

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19
Q

What test may be used to recover C. belli oocysts in the small intestine?

A

Entero-test

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20
Q

What stain/s may u use to detect C. belli in stool?

A
  • Kinyoun method
  • Modified acid-fast technique

& iodine too

Acid-fast stains (kinyoun is acid-fast too) in general will produce oocysts that are red in color (sporoblasts ang red)

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21
Q

Blood examination during Cytoisospora belli infections will reveal what blood condition?

A

eosinophilia

Peripheral Eosinophilia

This accounts why Charcot-Leyden crystals are present in stool too

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22
Q

Drug of choice for C. belli infections

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

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23
Q

What are the two species wherein human sarcocystosis is attributed to?

A
  • Sarcocystis suihominis
  • Sarcocystis hominis or Sarcocystis bovihominis
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24
Q

Humans serve as the ____ host for both species of Sarcocystis but occasionally, humans can act as intermediate hosts

A

definitive

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25
# *Sarcocystis* life cycle Thin-walled oocyst or individual sporocyst is digested by intermediate host and ruptures to release what?
sporozoites
26
# *Sarcocystis* life cycle The endothelial-cell-invasion of the blood vessels produces what generation schizont?
First generation schizont | w/ merozoites
27
# *Sarcocystis* life cycle The capillary invasion of the blood vessels produces what generation schizont?
Second generation | w/ merozoites
28
# *Sarcocystis* life cycle Once secondary merozoites are released, hey invade muscle cells and transform into what containing what?
Sarcocyst containing Bradyzoites
29
# *Sarcocystis* life cycle What stage can be found in an undercooked meat and are released in the small intestine once the cyst ruptures?
Sarcocyst w/ Bradyzoites
30
What is the infective stage of *Sarcocystis* to the intermediate host?
Thin walled oocyst or sporocysts
31
What is the infective stage of *Sarcocystis* to the definitive host (humans)?
Bradyzoites in a Sarcocyst
32
Diagnostic stage of *Sarcocystis*?
Thin-walled sporulated oocyst or sporocyst
33
MOT of *Sarcocystis*
ingestion of undercooked meat w/ bradyzoites
34
Diagnostic methods for *Sarcocystis*
- DFS (but indistinguishable from each other) - Muscle biopsy
35
The species of *Cryptosporidium* that infects humans and most mammals is what?
*C. parvum*
36
What is the infective stage of *C. parvum*?
Sporulated thick-walled oocyst
37
What is the diagnostic stage of *C. parvum*?
Sporulated thick-walled oocyst
38
MOT of *Cryptosporidium parvum*
ingestion of contaminated food and water
39
Unlike the usual oocysts of *Apicomplexa*, anong wala sa *Cryptosporidium parvum*?
no sporocysts ## Footnote the thick-walled oocyst has four sporozoites na agad
40
# *Cryptosporidium parvum* life cycle Once the thick-walled oocyst reaches the small intestine, it will excyst. Next, it will undergo schizogony or merogony in what specific part of the intestinal tract? ## Footnote eto yung absorptive surface w/ microvilli; place where absorption takes place
brush border
41
# *Cryptosporidium parvum* life cycle The asexual cycle (schizogony or merogony) will form what?
Meronts | w/ merozoites (like schizont w/ meroz pero now merogony ksi so meronts) ## Footnote Type I - after ng brush border merogony Type II - from type I meront to undergo gametogony
42
# *Cryptosporidium parvum* life cycle The type II merozoites will undergo sexual multiplication (gametogony) to become an undifferentiated what?
Gamont
43
# *Cryptosporidium parvum* life cycle A fertilized zygote is formed after the union of micro and macrogamonts. Then two types of oocysts are formed, what are they?
- Thick-walled oocysts - Thin-walled oocysts
44
In the life cycle of *Cryptosporidium parvum*, what type of oocyst remain in the intestine and cause autoinfection?
Thin-walled oocyst
45
In the life cycle of*Cryptosporidium parvum*, what type of oocyst are excreted from the host into the environment?
Thick-walled oocyst
46
The diagnosis of *Cryptosporidium parvum* may be done through identifying organisms in intestinal biopsy such as?
- meronts w/ merozoites - gamonts w/ micro & macrogamonts ## Footnote = gamonts are undifferentiated pa so iba siya w/ d micro nd macro
47
Like *Cytoisospora belli*, what concentration method may be used to demonstrate *Cryptosporidium parvum*'s diagnostic stage?
- ZnSO4 flotation - Sheather's sugar flotation ## Footnote + FEACT sedimentation followed by layering and flotation over hypertonic NaClto separate oocysts from stool debris
48
Cryptosporidiosis clinically resembles what?
Giardiasis
49
Treatment for Cryptosporidiosis
Nitazoxanide
50
This coccidian is once known as large *Cryptosporidium*, coccidian-like body, cyanobacterium-like body, blue-green alga is now named what?
*Cyclospora cayetanensis*
51
Infective stage of *Cyclospora cayetanensis*?
Mature (Sporulated) oocyst
52
Diagnostic stage of *Cyclospora cayetanensis*?
Unsporulated oocyst
53
MOT of *Cyclospora cayetanensis*?
ingestion of contaminated food and water
54
The unsporulated oocysts of *Cyclospora cayetanensis* is passed in stool wherein sporulation occurs within how many weeks?
1-2 weeks
55
The mature (sporulated) oocyst of *Cyclospora cayetanensis* has how many sporocysts and sporozoites?
2 sporocysts w/ 2 sporozoites each sporocyst
56
What intestinal coccidian has the same life cycle as *Cryptosporidium parvum*? | only change is the presence of sporocysts then inside them r sporozoites
*Cyclospora cayetanensis* ## Footnote each sporocyst has 2 sporozoites inside
57
In which intestinal coccidian can u see an oocyst that is spherical with a **greenish central morula** (mulberrylike mass) containing 6-9 refractile globules?
*Cyclospora cayetanensis*
58
What's a parasite of cosmopolitan distribution and is able to develop in a wide variety of hosts but its definite hosts are cats? | cats & other Felidae
*Toxoplasma*
59
3 ways that a cat may be infected by *Toxoplasma*?
- Ingestion of infected meat - ingestion of infective oocyst - transplacental transmission (vertical transmission)
60
In humans, the mature (sporulated) oocyst of *Toxoplasma* will transform into fast-dividing and rapidly-growing intracellular forms called what?
Tachyzoites
61
The fast-dividing and rapid-growing forms of *Toxoplasma* may localize in neural and muscle tissue and develop into slow multiplicative forms enclosed in a pseudocyst called?
Bradyzoites
62
MOT of *Toxoplasma gondii* in humans
- Ingestion of sporulated oocyst (food or water) - Ingestion of undercooked meat - Blood transfusion - Vertical transmission
63
All the life cycle stages of *Toxoplasma gondii* occurs in felines. Only what stages (or forms) can occur in humans and other intermediate hosts?
- Tachyzoites - Bradyzoites
64
What form (or stage) of *Toxoplasma gondii* **quickly multiplies** and is responsible for **initial spread of infection** and tissue destruction?
Tachyzoites
65
What form of *Toxoplasma gondii* multiplies slowly and form cysts that are more witnessed in chronic toxoplasmosis?
Bradyzoites
66
Treatment for toxoplasmosis?
pyrimethamine w/ trisulfapyrimidines | for a month ## Footnote - this inhibits production of dihydrofolate reductase by parasite and DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
67
What parasite resembles ring species of *Plasmodia* and infects RBC + are transmitted by *Ixodes*? | *Ixodes* = tick genus
*Babesia*
68
What are the two hosts involved in the life cycle of *Babesia*
Rodents and Ticks
69
Among the two hosts of *Babesia*, which is the definitive and which is the intermediate?
- Rodent = intermediate - Ticks = definitive
70
In *Babesia*'s life cycle, humans are considered as what type of hosts?
dead-end hosts | humans r also accidental intermediate hosts only (primrily a zoonotic) ## Footnote However, human-to-human transmission is well-recognized and seen in blood transfusions
71
Infective stage of *Babesia* to intermediate host?
sporozoites | eto rin infective stage to humans ## Footnote then schizogony sa RBCs then meroz then other meroz will become gametes then ingestion by tick
72
Diagnostic stage of *Babesia*?
trophozoites and merozoites arranged in **Maltese cross** appearance
73
MOT of *Babesia*
bite of an infected *Ixodes* tick | and blood transfusion
74
Diagnosis for *Babesia* spp.
- Blood smear (Giemsa-stained) - IFA - Immunoblotting - PCR
75
Treatment for Babesiosis
Clindamycin + Quinine combination
76
What dye test is used for *Toxoplasma gondii* wherein *Toxoplasma* organisms become resistant to staining with methylene blue if the px's serum contains *Toxoplasma*-specific antibodies?
Sabin-Feldman dye Test ## Footnote (+) = colorless (-) = blue color
77
What is the range for the typical *Plasmodium vivax* and *Plasmodium ovale* incubation period? a. 10–17 days b. 10–12 days c. 18–40 days d. 8–11 days
a. 10-17 days
78
What is the periodicity of the *Plasmodium falciparum* paroxysm? a. 44–48 hours b. 48–50 hours c. 72 hours d. 36–48 hours
d. 36-48 hours
79
What *Plasmodium* species demonstrate distinct ameboid characteristic? a. P. vivax b. P. ovale c. P. falciparum d. P. malariae
a. *P. vivax*
80
What Plasmodium species demonstrate increase in erythrocytic size upon invasion? a. P. malariae b. P. ovale c. P. falciparum d. P. vivax
a. *P. malariae* ## Footnote honestly, idk bakit ito sagot ni markell eh ang lumalaki lang either **vivax** or **ovale**
81
What malarial parasite is responsible for most of the cases of known nephrotic syndrome? a. P. malariae b. P. knowlesi c. P. falciparum d. P. vivax
a. *P. malariae*
82
What is the mechanism of action of the drug Chloroquine on the malarial parasite? a. Inhibit ribosomal protein synthesis b. Inhibit mitochondrial respiratory processes c. Alter DNA properties disabling parasitic functions d. None of the above
C. Alter DNA properties disabling parasitic functions
83
Autofluorescence is an important diagnostic tool for the identification of which of the following organisms? a. Cyclospora cayetanensis b. Cryptosporidium parvum c. Cystoisospora belli d. Toxoplasma gondii
a. *Cyclospora cayetanensis*
84
What constitutes a positive result in the Sabin-Feldman dye test? a. Agglutination b. Toxoplasma oocysts stained blue after immersion in methylene blue solution c. Refractoriness of the oocyst wall to methylene blue staining d. Loss of color
C. Refractoriness of the oocyst wall to methylene blue staining
85
Which of the following coccidians is associated with congenital infections? a. C. parvum b. C. belli c. T. gondii d. S. hominis
c. *Toxoplasma gondii*
86
Intraerythrocytic Maltese cross forms are seen in which parasite? a. P. falciparum b. B. microti c. C. belli d. T. gondii
b.*Babesia microti*
87
Most sensitive and accurate method for the detection of *C. belli* oocysts from fecal specimens. a. Zinc-sulfate flotation technique b. Auramine-rhodamine staining c. Direct microscopic examination d. Sheather’s sugar flotation technique
d. Sheather's sugar flotation technique
88
This coccidian is associated with free sporocysts found in feces due to fragile oocyst walls. a. C. belli b. Sarcocystis c. T. gondii d. C. cayetanensis
b. *Sarcocystis*
89
This organism is characterized as having oocysts ranging from 4 to 6 µm in diameter. a. C. parvum b. C. cayetanensis c. C. belli d. Sarcocystis
c. *C. belli*
90
This was formerly known as cyanobacterium-like body a. C. parvum b. C. cayetanensis c. C. belli d. Sarcocystis
b. *Cyclospora cayetanensis*
91
Which is considered the definitive host for *Babesia microti*? a. Humans b. Ixodes tick c. White-footed mice d. Cattle
b. *Ixodes* tick
92
The primary means for diagnosing toxoplasmosis a. Microscopic identification of organisms b. Cell culture c. Serology d. PCR
c. Serology

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