Cestodes (Cyclophyllidea) Flashcards
1
Q
Common name of Taenia solium
A
Pork tapeworm
2
Q
Adult Taenia solium may attain a length from 2 up to ____ meters.
A
7
3
Q
The rostellum of Taenia solium is ____.
armed or unarmed
A
armed
with 2 rows (or double crown kaya 2 rows)
4
Q
The mature segments of Taenia solium are ____ than they are ____ and contain one set of reproductive organs.
A
wider than long
5
Q
The gravid segments of Taenia solium are ____ than they are ____ and contain a branched uterus filled with eggs.
A
longer than wide
6
Q
In Taenia solium the number of main branches on one side of the central stem varies from ____ to ____.
A
7 to 13 brances
7
Q
The oncosphere of Taenia is enclosed in a thick, radially striated coat called the ____, usually dark brown in color.
A
embryophore
remember that 6-hooked oncosphere = hexacanth embryo
8
Q
Intermediate host of Taenia solium
A
Pig
only 1 IH
9
Q
Eggs of Taenia solium ingested by a pig hatch into oncosphere larva and develop into the infective larval stages or ____ in the muscles, which may then infect humans who eat undercooked pork.
A
Cysticercus cellulosae
10
Q
Ingested proglottids of Taenia solium may rupture and release eggs which hatch into oncosphere larva and develop into cysticerci and cause ____.
what disease by larva?
parang digestion of eggs din pala si digestion of proglottids
A
cysticercosis
11
Q
What are the infective stages of Taenia solium?
A
- Cysticercus cellulosae
- Embryonated egg
12
Q
Diagnostic stages of Taenia spp
A
- Eggs
- Proglottids
report as Taenia eggs since morphologically similar; gravid segment lang hindi similar due to uterus branching
13
Q
Specific identification of Taeniasis based on eggs is impossible; so one must examine ____ proglottids wherein the uterine branches are counted.
what type of proglottids?
A
gravid
14
Q
If Taenia solium has 7 to 13 fingerlike branches, Taenia saginata has ____ to ____ treelike branches.
A
15 to 20
15
Q
The ____ of Taenia solium once ingested, causes intestinal infection of the adult worm
A
Cysticercus cellulosae
16
Q
The ____ of Taenia solium, once ingested, causes invasion of different organs and cysticercosis (due to larva)
A
Eggs
17
Q
MOT for Taenia solium
A
Ingestion of:
- Cysticercus cellulosae (from pork)
- Eggs
18
Q
Similar to Enterobius vermicularis, Taenia eggs may also be diagnostically acquired through what procedure?
A
Cellophane swab
19
Q
Specific diagnosis of Taenia solium and Taenia saginata is made by counting what?
A
uterine side branches
20
Q
When humans eat insufficiently cooked cysticercus-infected meat, all but the ____ portion is digested, and this undigested portion attaches to the intestinal wall to begin growing a chain of proglottids.
omki so cno nga ulet responsible for attaching?
A
scolex
21
Q
Upon egg ingestion of Taenia solium, the egg disintegrates in the small intestine and the contained embryo or ____ is able to invade the intestinal wall and enter a blood vessel by means if the six hooklets that it bears.
A
oncosphere
hexacanth embryo
carried into the bloodstream tapos tira sa kahit ano pero usually sa voluntary muscle
22
Q
Though the majority of such infections are asymptomatic, invasion of muscle by the T. solium larvae may give rise to ____, with accompanying fever and eosinophilia.
A
myositis
23
Q
What do you call the rare condition caused by muscle invasion of Taenia solium larva upon egg/proglottid ingestion?
A
muscular pseudohypertrophy
accompanied by muscle swelling leading to atrophy and fibrosis damn
24
Q
In humans, cysticerci most commonly are given attention when they occur in what system?
A
CNS
25
The ____ of *Taenia solium* are responsible for ____ via the fecal-oral route of transmission.
eggs; autoinfection
26
What do you call the pathology caused by *Taenia solium* larva? If the brain is involed?
Cysticercosis; neurocysticercosis
27
Worldwide, ____ is the most common parasitic disease of the CNS caused by cysticerci.
neurocysticercosis
28
What do you call the **most common form** of active neurocysticercosis?
| arachnoid space is involved
arachnoiditis
29
Drug of choice for intestinal taeniasis
Praziquantel
## Footnote
Niclosamide too, but take care in **taeniasis solium** coz proglottids may rupture then egg-release lmao cysticercosis agad
30
Since *many cases of neurocysticercosis* are _asymptomatic_, what is the **drug of choice**?
none
31
What is the **common name** of *Taenia saginata*?
beef tapeworm
32
Unlike *Taenia solium* whose intermediate hosts are pigs, ***Taenia saginata*'s intermediate hosts** are?
cattles
| or cows
33
The rostellum of *Taenia saginata* is ____
| armed or unarmed
unarmed
## Footnote
presence of hooks may serve to differentiate saginata and solium
34
The **mature proglottids** of *Taenia saginata* is _either_ ____ than ____ or nearly ____.
wider than long; square
35
The **gravid proglottids** of *Taenia saginata* is ____ than ____.
longer than wide
36
Usually, which of the two *Taenia* have **longer** _gravid proglottids_
*Taenia saginata*
37
What do you call the infective stage of *Taenia saginata*?
Cysticercus bovis
38
Drug of choice for *Taenia saginata*
Praziquantel
39
MOT for *Taenia saginata*
Ingestion of Cysticercus bovis
## Footnote
not eggs na coz no pathology is associated w/ egg (n maghhatch into larva)
40
Is **Cysticercosis of humans** _possible_ in *Taenia saginata*?
No
| onli in solium
41
Which of the two *Taenia* is **longer**?
*Taenia saginata*
42
Unlike *T. solium*, infection w/ *T. saginata* is frequently encountered in the ____.
## Footnote
haha funny nga kasi "the prevalent liking for **rare steak** is one means of successful survival of this species..."
United States
## Footnote
wag kasi rare guys medium rare lng 0:)
43
What *Taenia* has its **DNA morphologically similar** w/ *_T. saginata_* but **its scolex** is from *_T. solium_*?
*Taenia saginata asiatica*
## Footnote
seen in asia kasi, but some wld consider this as a separate species (*T. asiatica*)
44
What is the common name of *Multiceps multiceps*?
Gid worm
45
What do you call the larva of *Multiceps multiceps*?
Coenurus
## Footnote
present in intermediate hosts: herbivores
46
The oncosphere of *Multiceps multiceps* is _carried into the bloodstream_ after being *hatched from the egg* and **most frequently develops in what system**?
CNS
47
Infective stage of *Multiceps multiceps* to man
- Embryonated eggs
- Gravid proglottids (na may eggs ofc so defo eggs lang)
## Footnote
these will grow into coenuri
48
MOT of *Multiceps multiceps* in its definitive host?
ingestion of tissue w/ coenurus larva
49
Definitive host of *Multiceps multiceps*?
dogs (members of family Canidae)
50
Humans are what type of hosts in *Multiceps multiceps*?
Accidental hosts
51
_Diagnosis_ of *Multiceps multiceps* is **based on finding what**?
coenuri
| *sing. form*: coenurus
52
What is the **causative agent** of _cerebral and ocular *coenurosis*_?
*Multiceps multiceps*
## Footnote
most reported px have coenuri sa brain/spine
53
Drug of choice for coenurosis?
**wala** coz surgical removal ng coenuri
| but **mebendazole** is effective daw
54
Hydatid disease is caused by what genus?
*Echinococcus*
55
What do you call the larval stage for *Echinococcus*?
hydatid
| or **hydatid larva** para sure
56
The adult worm of *Echinococcus* possesses how many proglottids?
three proglottids
| immature, mature, and gravid
57
The eggs of *Echinococcus* cannot be distinguished from that of what cestode spp.?
*Taenia* spp
58
The rostellum of *Echinococcus* is ____.
| armed or unarmed
armed
| 2 rows of crowns w/ 28-40 hooks
## Footnote
tho not seen in human c adult haha
59
The _adult worm_ of *Echinococcus granulosus* is **seen in the intestines of definitive hosts** such as ____ and others from family ____.
dogs; family Canidae
60
What are the **two different cycles** involved in the transmission of *Echinococcus* wherein _different intermediate hosts_ are involved?
- pastoral (sheep as IH
- sylvatic (wolves as IH)
61
Upon the **ingestion** of *Echinococcus* ____ by intermediate hosts, _*hexacanth embryos* inside them_ bore actively into the intestinal wall and enter a blood vessel.
eggs
62
*Echinococcus* eggs may lodge in any organ or tissue but are **most frequently found** in ____ and ____.
| what organs
liver and lungs
| 80-95% of hydatids develop in these two organs
63
The **hexacanth embryo** of *E. granulosus*, once lodged, _slowly develops into the_ ____ cyst, enlarging steadily so that at 10 yrs growth it may contain some liters of fluid.
hydatid cyst
64
By the time that the **cyst** of *Echinococcus granulosus* has _reached 1cm in diameter_, its wall is differentiated into a thick outer laminated membrane which covers the thin ____ epithelium.
| what do u call the epith that the outer laminated membrane is covering?
germinal epithelium
65
In *Echinococcus*, what do you call the **vacuolated masses of cell** that _grow from the germinal epithelium_ into the _cavity of the cyst_?
brood capsules
66
In *Echinococcus*, what do you call the **structures that bud** _from the inner wall of the vacuolated masses of cell_ *inside the cyst*?
| *hint*: attachment structure
protoscolices
| plural for protoscolex (developing scolex)
67
In *Echinococcus*, what do you call the **miniaturizations of the entire hydatid cyst** that may be _found inside the cyst_?
daughter cysts
## Footnote
daughter cysts (w/ laminated & germinal layer too) will produce brood capsules which may contain protoscolices
68
Gradually, in *Echinococcus*, the ____ and ____ **break down**, _liberating the developed scolices_.
brood capsules and daughter cysts
69
Infective stage of *Echinococcus granulosus* to man
embryonated eggs
## Footnote
**hydatid cyst** infective sa definitive hosts (dogs)
[CDC](https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/echinococcosis/index.html)
70
What are the **three *Echinococcus*** _infecting man_ and causing _hydatid disease_?
- *Echinococcus granulosus*
- *Echinococcus multilocularis*
- *Echinococcus vogeli*
| gmv = GANDANG MORNING VICE
## Footnote
all are found in dogs. except *E. oligarthrus* which is in felids
71
The limiting membrane of what *Echinococcus* is thin and the **germinal epithelium may bud externally**, _proliferating in any direction_ or even to metastasize.
| resulting in cysts w/ many chambers/vesicles
*Echinococcus multilocularis*
72
**alveolar and multilocular hydatid cysts** may be attributed to *Echinococcus* what?
*Echinococcus multilocularis*
73
Unilocular hydatid cysts may be attributed to *Echinococcus* what?
*Echinococcus granulosus*
74
The **germinal epithelium of the hydatid cyst of what** *Echinococcus* may _bud both internally and externally_?
## Footnote
**internally** = to form septa that divides it into many sections
**externally** = to form new cysts
*Echinococcus vogeli*
| parasite of bush dog ito
75
Common name of *Echinococcus granulosus*
Hydatid worm
76
The adult worms of *Echinococcus* acquired by dogs is by feeding on?
- entrails (intestines from slaughterhouses)
- eating intermediate host (sheep/herbivores)
77
Diagnostic tests for *Echinococcus*
- Radiology (CT, Ultrasound, Xray, MRIs)
- Serology (IHA & ELISA)
- **Casoni Intradermal Test**
78
The **expanding hydatid cysts** causes ____ of surrounding tissues
| tissue death due to pressure
pressure necrosis
79
The most commonly used form of therapy for echinococcosis is described by the acronym ____
PAIR
80
PAIR treatment stands for?
Percutaneous Aspiration, Injection, and Reaspiration
## Footnote
Injection of hypertonic saline or other scolicidal fluid
81
Drug of choice for *Echinococcus* even if **inde impressive cure rates**
Mebendazole; Albendazole
| among the two, albendazole mas preferred
82
What is the common name of *Dipylidium caninum*?
Double-pored tapeworm
| flea tapeworm, cucumber tapeworm
## Footnote
the presence of a genital pore on each lateral side supports its name
83
The rostellum of *Dipylidium caninum* is ____
| armed or unarmed
armed
| 1-7 rows of rosethorn hooklets
84
The **mature proglottids** of *Dipylidium caninum* is ____ than ____
longer than wide
85
The **gravid proglottid** of *Dipylidium caninum* is ____ than ____
longer than wide
86
The **mature proglottids** of *Dipylidium caninum* contain _how many sets of reproductive organs_?
2 sets
| 2 din genital pore (kaya double pored tapeworm)
87
In *Dipylidium caninum*, what do you call the **discrete units that contains eggs** _enclosed in an embryonic sheath or capsule_ that is *obtained by the breaking of the network uterus _as the segment becomes gravid_*?
egg packets
| apolysis = humiwalay gravid segment then andon egg
88
The **gravid proglottid** of *Dipylidium caninum* are ____-like in outline _as they appear in the stool_ or _perianal area_.
barrel-like
| **melon seed** or **pumpkin seed** or **rice granule shape**
89
The **gravid segments** of *Dipylidium caninum* are also described as having _the appearance_ of the *seeds of what fruit*?
melon seed
| or **pumpkin seed** or **rice granule shape**
90
The **egg** of *Dipylidium caninum* is _infective to the larval stages_ of cat, dog, and human flea where it *develops into* a ____ and is *retained until larva matures into an adult*.
| hint: IS ng *Dipylidium caninum*
cysticercoid
91
What are the intermediate hosts of *Dipylidium caninum*?
- *Ctenocephalides canis*
- *Ctenocephalides felis*
- *Pulex irritans*
| cat, dog, & human flea
92
MOT of *Dipylidium caninum*
ingestion of flea containing cysticercoid larva
93
**Infective stage** of *Dipylidium caninum*
Cysticercoid
94
Diagnostic stage of *Dipylidium caninum*
- Egg packets
- Gravid proglottids
95
**Diagnosis** of *Dipylidium caninum* is made on _finding in the stool_ the characteristic ____ or, more rarely, ____
proglottids; egg packets
96
The infection with double-pore tapeworm is more common in ____ who kiss or are licked by their infected pets.
children
97
Drug of choice for *Dipylidium caninum*
Praziquantel
| Niclosamide is an alternative
98
What is the common name of *Hymenolepis nana*?
Dwarf tapeworm
99
Smallest tapeworm of man?
*Hymenolepis nana*
100
What **tapeworm** _may not require an intermediate host_ to complete its life cycle?
*Hymenolepis nana*
101
There are **two life cycles** observed in *Hymenolepis nana*. In the _direct life cycle_, the ____ is the infective stage; in the _indirect life cycle_, ____ is the infective stage.
embryonated egg; cysticercoid larva
102
The rostellum of *Hymenolepis nana* is ____
| armed or unarmed
armed
| one row of hooks
103
**All segments** of *_Hymenolepis_* spp. is ____ than ____
wider than long
104
**Gravid segments** of *Hymenolepis nana* contain a ____ uterus _filled with eggs_
| description ng uterus
saclike uterus
105
The **eggs** of *Hymenolepis nana* contain a hexacanth oncosphere within a rigid membrane which has ____ polar thickenings or knobs which project ____ to ____ long, thin filaments called ____.
| ilang thickening and filament?
2 polar thickenings; 4 to 8 filaments; polar filaments
106
The oncosphere of *Hymenolepis nana* burrows into the ____ **of the small intestine** and will _develop into a cysticercoid_ then leave.
villus
| villi
107
The _eggs_ of *Hymenolepis nana* may *develop into cysticercoids* in **intermediate hosts** such as?
- *Ctenocephalides canis* (dog flea)
- *Ctenocephalides felis* (cat flea)
- *Pulex irritans* (human flea)
- *Xenopsylla cheopsis* (rat flea)
- *Tenebrio* (rice beetle)
- *Tribolium* (flour beetle)
108
Infective stages of *Hymenolepis nana*
- Cysticercoid larva (in IH)
- Embryonated egg
109
The presence of ____ is **diagnostic and serves to differentiate** the _eggs_ of *Hymenolepis nana* from those of *Hymenolepis diminuta*.
polar filaments
110
**Diagnosis** of *Hymenolepis nana* and *Hymenolepis diminuta* is _done by the detection_ of ____ in stool sx.
eggs
111
# True or False
**Hyperinfection** of *Hymenolepis diminuta* is _possible_ *through the direct life cycle*
False
| *H. nana* lang possible hyperinfection via eggs (direct life cycle)
## Footnote
moreover, *H. nana* lang may direct & indirect life cycles
112
**Drug of choice** for *Hymenolepis nana* & *Hymenolepis diminuta* infections
Praziquantel
| Niclosamide & Nitazoxanide pwede
113
Common name of *Hymenolepis diminuta*
rat tapeworm
114
The rostellum of *Hymenolepis diminuta* is ____
| armed or unarmed
unarmed
115
*Hymenolepis diminuta*'s life cycle requires an ____ intermediate host
arthropod
| more than 20 diff spp is suitable for the development of cysticercoid
116
*Although* _there are plenty of intermediate hosts_ for *Hymenolepis diminuta*, which are the **most important**?
- flour moths
- flour beetles
| from *Tribolium* spp.
117
Infective stage of *Hymenolepis diminuta*
Cysticercoid
| in flour beetle/moth
118
The oncosphere of *Hymenolepis diminuta* is enclosed in a membrane that has two polar thickenings but ____ polar filaments.
| present or absent
absent polar filaments
| no polar filaments
119
MOT of *Hymenolepis diminuta*
Ingestion of intermediate host
| w/ cysticercoid larva
120
While *Hymenolepis diminuta* **commonly parasitizes** ____, it may _occasionally be encountered_ in *human beings*
rats
121
The **ovary of *Hymenolepis* spp.** is _flanked by two testes_ on *one side* and ____ on another
| _how many_ on the other?
one
| 3 ovoid testes; 2 on one side ovary & one sa isang side
