Intestinal Nematodes Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
What do you call the tough protective covering of nematodes that is made up of chitin?
A
cuticle
2
Q
Nematodes, when cut in half, are ____.
A
bilaterally symmetrical
add also:
- nonsegmented
- generally cylindrical
- tapered at both ends
3
Q
Based on the presence of chemoreceptors, what are the two classes of nematodes?
A
- Phasmids
- Aphasmids
both are Classes (Class Phasmidia)
4
Q
The adult female worms are generally ____ then males.
larger or smaller
A
larger
5
Q
Nematodes belong to phylum called what?
A
Nemathelminthes
6
Q
What do you call the anterior or cephalic sensory organs that some nematodes possess?
A
Amphids
7
Q
The general distinction between phasmids and aphasmids is the presence or lack of ____.
what structure?
A
caudal chemoreceptors
- may caudal chemoreceptors = phasmids
- wala = aphasmids
8
Q
Which nematodes are aphasmids?
A
- Trichinella
- Trichuris
- Capillaria
- may caudal chemoreceptors = phasmids
- wala = aphasmids
9
Q
If the esophagus is uniform throughout, the type is called ____. If the esophagus expands posteriorly into a bulb with a valve mechanism, it is referred to as ____.
A
filariform; rhabditiform
10
Q
What do you call the larva that hatches from the egg?
L1
A
rhabditiform larva
11
Q
Larva undergoes several molts until it reaches the third stage larva called ____.
L3
A
Filariform larva
12
Q
Pls enumerate the Intestinal Nematodes
A
- Capillaria philippinensis
- Enterobius vermicularis
- Trichuris trichiura
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Necator americanus
- Ancylostoma duodenale
- Strongyloides stercoralis
CETANAS
Trichinella spiralis is tissue-dwelling na
13
Q
Which among the nematodes have their adult forms reside in the small intestine?
A
- Capillaria philippinensis
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- Hookworm
- Trichinella spiralis
CASHT
14
Q
Which among the intestinal nematodes have their adult forms reside in the large intestine?
A
- Enterobius vermicularis
- Trichuris trichiura
15
Q
Which among the nematodes are extraintestinal?
A
- Trichinella spiralis
- Microfilariae
- Dracunculus medinensis
- Angiostrongylus cantonensis
TMDA
marami im so sorry can’t include all
16
Q
Which among the nematodes have heart-lung migration?
A
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- Hookworm
ASH
17
Q
Common name of Ascaris lumbricoides
A
Giant intestinal roundworm
18
Q
Habitat of Ascaris lumbricoides
A
Small intestine
19
Q
Final host of Ascaris lumbricoides
A
Man
20
Q
Infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides
A
embryonated egg
21
Q
What is the most common intestinal nematode?
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
22
Q
This is also considered as the largest intestinal roundworm
A
Ascaris lumbricoides
23
Q
Ascaris lumbricoides eggs embryonate outside the host within how many weeks?
A
2-3 weeks
24
Q
If only the longer and narrower eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides are found, this suggests only ____ infection of Ascaris
male or female
A
female
25
3 layers of *Ascaris lumbricoides* egg
- Outer mammillated, albuminous layer
- Glycogen layer
- Lipoidal vitelline layer
26
The presence of albuminous and mammillated layer of *Ascaris lumbricoides* eggs indicate that it is?
corticated
27
The absence of the lipoidal, vitelline layer of *Ascaris lumbricoides* eggs means to say that the egg is?
unfertilized
28
Diagnostic stage of *Ascaris lumbricoides*
Ova in stool; Adult worm too
29
MOT of *Ascaris lumbricoides*
Ingestion of embryonated egg
30
What do you call the pneumonitis during larval migration of *Ascaris lumbricoides*?
Loeffler syndrome
31
besides loeffler syndrome, what are the other two complications caused by *Ascaris lumbricoides* larva?
- Visceral larva migrans
- Irritation of intestinal mucosa
32
what are the pathologic complications caused by *Ascaris lumbricoides* adults?
- Bolus
- Erratism
- Epigastric pain
- Diarrhea (bowel obstruction w/ fever and malaise)
- Malnutrition
- Lactose maldigestion or intolerance
- Ectopic migration to other organs
33
*Ascaris lumbricoides* diagnostic tests
- DFS
- Kato-Katz
- FECT
- ZnSO4 flotation
- Radiography
34
*Ascaris lumbricoides* drug of choice
- Albendazole
- Mebendazole
- Pyrantel Pamoate
35
life cycle of *Ascaris lumbricoides*
| kahit own words lang (pls press 5 na agad hehe)
- ingestion of embryonated eggs
- larva sa small intestine
- larva travel to heart via liver hepatic portal veins then hepatic veins then IVC
- larva will reach alveoli then person will cough and ingest larva again then larva will mature sa small intestine
- after maturation, ova sa stool then embryonate sa environment (soil)
36
Are *Ascaris lumbricoides* eggs able to survive in 10% formalin solution?
Yes
37
Common name of *Trichuris trichiura*
Whip worm
| other name is *Trichocephalus trichiura*
38
Habitat of *Trichuris trichiura*
Large intestine
39
Final host of *Trichuris trichiura*
Man
40
Infective stage of *Trichuris trichiura*
embryonated egg
41
Diagnostic stage of *Trichuris trichiura*
Ova in stool
42
MOT of *Trichuris trichiura*
ingestion of embryonated egg
43
*Trichuris trichiura* eggs close resemble what spp.?
*Capillaria philippinensis* egg (ova)
44
Diagnosis of *Trichuris trichiura*
- DFS
- Kato-Katz
- ZnSO4 flotation
45
Drug of choice for *Trichuris trichiura*
| trichuriasis
Albendazole & Mebendazole
46
the ova of *Trichuris trichiura* has what you call what in its edges?
hyaline plugs
| bipolar plugs; mucous plugs
47
the ova of *Trichuris trichiura* has what appearance
football-shaped
| Japanese lantern appearance; lemon-shaped
48
One pathologic complication associated with trichuriasis is the loss of too much blood wherein it resulted to the lower-than-normal albumin levels. What is this condition called?
Hypoalbuminemia
| C-reactive proteins up; Albumin levels down (in serum electrophoresis)
49
life cycle of *Trichuris trichiura*
| own words (pls press 5 na agad hehe)
- ingestion of embryonated eggs
- hatching of eggs in duodenum
- larva will go sa cecum where they mature
- after maturation, feces sa stool w/ eggs then embryonate sa environment (soil)
| **no heart-lung migration**
50
Diseases associated with *Trichuris trichiura*
- Iron Deficiency Anemia
- *Trichuris* dysentery syndrome
- Hypoalbuminemia
51
What do you call the pathologic condition associated with *Trichuris trichiura* wherein parasite goes to the rectosigmoid area to cause inflammation ?
## Footnote
lower portion of colon becomes turned and protrudes outside (rectum loses its internal support)
Rectal prolapse
52
Common name for *Enterobius vermicularis*
- Pin worm
- Society worm
- Seat worm
- Tiwa
| other name: *Oxyuris vermicularis*
53
Habitat of *Enterobius vermicularis*
Large Intestine
54
What do you call the lateral cuticular expansions or lateral wings present in *Enterobius vermicularis* adults?
cephalic alae
| walang sinabing gender kay markell
55
Final host of *Enterobius vermicularis*
Man
56
Infective stage of *Enterobius vermicularis*
embryonated egg
57
*Enterobius vermicularis* diagnostic stage
Ova & Adult worm
58
MOT of *Enterobius vermicularis*
- Ingestion of embryonated egg
- Inhalation of embryonated eggs
- retroinfection (sa loob lng bbalik ulet)
- autoinfection
59
Diagnostic tests for *Enterobius vermicularis*
- perianal swab
- swellengrebel
- Flotation techniques
60
What do you call the type of autoinfection in *Enterobius vermicularis* involving migration of hatched embryonated eggs in the perianal area back into the rectum and large intestine?
Retroinfection
61
*Enterobius vermicularis* drug of choice
- Albendazole
- Mebendazole
- Pyrantel pamoate
62
major characteristics of *Enterobius vermicularis* ova
| kahit 2 lng
- Thick, translucent shell
- D-shaped; lopsided
63
Two layer of *Enterobius vermicularis* ova
- Albuminous coat/layer
- Lipoidal layer
64
Why are eggs of *E. vermicularis* seldomly found in stool (5% recovery)?
females do not oviposit until they leave the intestinal tract
65
How many consecutive instances of perianal swab should be taken before a px is declared *Enterobius vermicularis*-free?
5-7
66
What do you call the itching associated with *Enterobius vermicularis*?
pruritus ani
67
The ova of *Enterobius vermicularis* has been associated with the existence of what flagellate?
*Dientamoeba fragilis*
68
Pathology of *Enterobius vermicularis*
- Pruritus ani
- Weight loss
- Irritation
- Vaginitis
- Bacterial infection
69
how many hours will it take for *Enterobius vermicularis* ova to embryonate?
4-6 hours
70
life cycle of *Enterobius vermicularis*
| (pls press 5 na agad hehe)
- ingestion of embryonated eggs
- hatch in small intestine then larva travels to large after maturation
- gravid female comes out during night and oviposits then dies (usually)
- some eggs attach s linen and some stay sa anus
- 4-6 hrs b4 embryonation and no need ng soil or smth
- then retroinfection or autoinfection or infect ng iba
71
Common name of *Capillaria philippinensis*
Pudoc worm
## Footnote
first recovered by Nelia Salazar
72
Habitat of *Capillaria philippinensis*
Small intestine
73
Final host of *Capillaria philippinensis*
Man
| pwede ring **migratory birds**
## Footnote
- incidental nga raw tayo sabi ni markell (final/incidental)
74
Brackish and freshwater fishes such as Bagsang, Bagsit. Birot, and Ipon are what type of hosts in the life cycle of *Capillaria philippinensis*?
Intermediate hosts
75
Infective stage of *Capillaria philippinensis*
larva in infected fish
76
*Capillaria philippinensis* diagnostic stage
Ova in stool
| (typical ova)
77
MOT of *Capillaria philippinensis*
ingestion of raw or undercooked fish containing the larva
78
2 types of *Capillaria philippinensis* adult female?
- Typical female
- Atypical female
79
What type of *Capillaria philippinensis* female lays oviparous eggs which appear as peanuts?
Typical female
| oviparous eggs pass in stool
80
What type of *Capillaria philippinensis* female lays ovoviviparous eggs which appear as multisegmented or embryonated?
| also responsible for autoinfection
Atypical
## Footnote
Sometimes, first gen female is larviparous too and that counts sa atypical type
81
Diagnostic tests for *Capillaria philippinensis*
- DFS
- FECT
- Kato-Katz
- Duodenal aspirate
82
Pathology of *Capillaria philippinensis* includes:
- Intestinal capilliariasis
- Mystery disease
- Severe watery diarrhea
- Borborygmus
- Malabsorption that results in electrolyte imbalance
- Alteration of intestinal villi
83
Drug of choice for *Capillaria philippinensis* infections
- Albendazole
- Mebendazole
84
life cycle of *Capillaria philippinensis*
| (pls press 5 na agad hehe)
- embryonated eggs in the water are eaten by fish where they develop as larvae there
- man eats raw or undercooked infected fish which will become adults sa small intestine then gravid females will either lay typical or atypical eggs
- typical eggs will be passed sa stool then into the water (where it embryonates) then eaten by the fish ulet
- sometimes, infected fishes r eaten by migratory birds then cla eong tumatae ng typical eggs
85
Common name for *Necator americanus*
- New world hookworm
- American murderer
## Footnote
STH pala 'to btw
86
Common name for *Ancylostoma duodenale*
Old world hookworm
## Footnote
STH pala 'to btw
87
Are hookworms capable of heart-lung migration?
Yes
88
Habitat of hookworms?
Small intestine
89
Final host of hookworms
Man
90
Infective stage of hookworm
L3 filariform larva
91
Diagnostic stage of hookworm
Hookworm egg
| coz larva is attached s intestine (rare sa stool)
92
MOT of hookworms
Skin penetration
## Footnote
Except for *Ancylostoma duodenale* which may be transmitted in an **oral and transmammary** manner
93
Which of the two hookworms are C-shaped? Cno si S-shaped?
- C-shaped = *Ancylostoma duodenale*
- S-shaped = *Necator americanus*
94
Dental pattern of *Ancylosotoma duodenale*
two pairs of teeth
95
Dental pattern of *Necator americanus*
Semilunar cutting plates
96
Male bursa and spicule of *Ancylostoma duodenale*
Bell-shaped (tripartite dorsal rays) w/ plain & bristle-like spicule
97
Male bursa and spicule of *Necator americanus*
Fan-like (Bipartite dorsal rays) w/ fused and barbed spicule
98
Among the two hookworms, alin ang may tripartite dorsal rays and bipartite?
- tripartite = *Ancylostoma duodenale*
- bipartite = *Necator americanus*
99
Which is more likely to induce IDA and is larger than the two hookworms?
*Ancylostoma duodenale*
100
where do hookworm ovas embryonate?
soil
## Footnote
STH cla
101
what do you call the cell stages present in the ova of hookworms?
blastomeres
| 2-8 blastomeres
102
In penetrating the skin, hookworm larva may cause an allergic reaction called what? This is more common with what hookworm?
ground itch; *Necator americanus*
103
Rhabditiform larva is characterized by a long oral cavity called as?
buccal cavity
| mas maikli *Strongyloides stercoralis*
104
Rhabditiform larva is present with a precursor structure to a reproductive system consisting of a clump of cells in an ovoid formation. This structure is called?
genital primordium
| mas prominent sa *Strongyloides stercoralis* than hookworm
105
In Harada-Mori technique, once the larva is cultured until the filariform stage, which larva will generally move downwards and which of them will move upwards and accumulate at the end of the filter paper?
| *Strongyloides stercoralis* or Hookworm
- Move upwards = *Strongyloides stercoralis*
- Move downwards = *Hookworm*
## Footnote
MALAKAS KASI *STRONGYLOIDES* KAYA LUMALABAN S FLOW NG 2BIG
106
3 phases of hookworm pathogenesis
- cutaneous
- pulmonary
- intestinal
107
Diagnostic tests for hookworm
- DFS
- Concentration techniques
- Kato-Katz
- Harada-Mori
108
Pathology of hookworm
- Anemia
- Eosinophilia
- Wakana disease (pneumonitis)
- Abdominal pain
- Hypoproteinemia
109
Drug of choice for hookworm infections
- Albendazole
- Mebendazole
- Pyrantel pamoate
110
Cutaneous larva migrans wherein infective larva penetrate the skin but are unable to complete their life cycle are caused by what species of hookworms?
- *Ancylostoma caninum*
- *Ancylostoma braziliensis*
111
How many pairs of ventral teeth are present in dog hookworm? in cat hookworm?
3 pairs; one pair (or two)
112
life cycle of hookworm
| own words (pls press 5 na agad hehe)
- filariform (L3) larva will penetrate skin then enter bloodstream to reach alveoli then to esophagus to small intestine
- filariform larva then will copulate sa small intestine then will release hookworm eggs sa stool then it'll go sa soil where it will embryonate
- then hatch then rhabditiform larva
113
Common name for *Strongyloides stercoralis*
- Threadworm
- Smallest nematode infecting man
114
Habitat of *Strongyloides stercoralis*
Small intestine
115
Final host of *Strongyloides stercoralis*
Man
116
Infective stage of *Strongyloides stercoralis*
L3 filariform
117
*Strongyloides stercoralis* diagnostic stage
Rhabditiform larva (L1)
118
MOT of *Strongyloides stercoralis*
Skin penetration
## Footnote
pwede rin siya **transmammary**
119
Diagnostic tests for *Strongyloides stercoralis*
- DFS
- Entero test
- Baermann
- Harada-Mori
- Concentration techniques
120
Drug of choice for *Strongyloides stercoralis*
- Albendazole
- Ivermectin
121
What do you call the characteristic of *Strongyloides stercoralis* wherein they do not need a man to fertilize eggs?
| strong ind woman - ma'am diana
parthenogenic
## Footnote
parthenogenesis = capable of self-fertilization
122
*Strongyloides stercoralis* are what type of parasites?
| obligate or facultative?
facultative
123
In *Strongyloides stercoralis* infections, embryonated eggs may be present in stool and u can differentiate them with hookworm eggs by the mere fact that they always come with?
well-developed larvae
124
Pathology of *Strongyloides stercoralis*
- Strongyloidiasis
- Cochin China diarrhea
- Honeycomb appearance of intestine (due to embedded eggs)
- Pneumonitis
125
life cycle of *Strongyloides stercoralis*
| (pls press 5 na agad hehe)
- filariform larva (L3) skin penetration
- L3 maturation in small intestine
- laying of eggs then hatch
- Rhabditiform larva (L1) may proceed to direct, indirect, or autoinfection route
- direct = rhabditiform larva in stool then mature into L3 then be infective
- indirect = rhabditiform larva in stool then mature into nonparasitic then produce eggs that will develop into rhabditiform that'll become infective
- autoinfection = rhabditiform develop into filariform inside then autoinfect
| capable of heart-lung migration
126
What parasite of monkeys may also infect humans?
## Footnote
differs morphologically from *S. stercoralis* in some minor aspects
*Strongyloides fuelleborni*
127
These are herbivore parasites wherein humans are accidental hosts and are similar in appearance w/ hookworms
*Trichostrongylus* spp
128
The ova of *Trichostrongylus* spp. is ____ than hookworm and have more pointed ends
| larger or smaller
larger
129
Diagnostic stage of *Trichostrongylus* spp.
ova
130
*Trichostrongylus* infective stage
L3 - filariform larva
131
*Trichostrongylus* MOT
ingestion of larva from contaminated vegetation
132
*Anisakis* spp common name
Cod worm, Herring worm
133
*Anisakis* Final (Definitive) host
Marine Animals
134
Paratenic hosts of *Anisakis*
fish and squids
135
Intermediate hosts of *Anisakis*
Microcrustaceans
136
In *Anisakis*, humans are what type of hosts?
Accidental hosts
137
3 types of anisakid larva?
- *Anisakis*
- *Pseudoterranova*
- *Contracaecum*
138
Infective stage of *Anisakis*
L3 larva
139
MOT of *Anisakis*
ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood containing larva
140
Diagnostic stage of *Anisakis*
demonstration of larva
## Footnote
- by gastrocopy, surgery, or vomiting
141
Treatment for *Anisakis* infection
- Albendazole
- Gastroscopic removal of the worm
142
In what parasite can u observe Loeffler's syndrome?
*Ascaris lumbricoides*
## Footnote
pneumonitis caused by larval migration
143
# Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis
- Nocturnal pruritus ani
- Local irritation of the vagina (Vaginitis)
- Formation of granulomas aroundeggs or worms (in peritoneal cavity) which may cause chronic pelvic peritonitis
*Enterobius vermicularis*
144
# Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis
- Rectal prolapse
- Abdominal pain and distention
- Anemia & Moderate eosinophilia
- blood loss of 0.005 mL per worm per day
*Trichuris trichiura*
145
# Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis
- Mystery disease
- Flattening of villi
- Borborygmi
- Electrolyte imbalance
- Autoinfection may occur
*Capillaria philippinensis*
146
# Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis
- Ground/Dew/Coolie itch during cutaneous phase
- Wakana disease (Pneumonitis) during pulmonary phase
- Gastrointestinal pain & diarrhea during intestinal phase
- Increased flatulence
- Anemia
Hookworms
147
# Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis
- Cochin China diarrhea
- Honeycomb appearance of intestinal mucosa
- Duodenal ulcer/Ulcerative colitis
*Strongyloides stercoralis*
148
# Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis
- Swollen belly sickness
- Swamp itch
*Strongyloides fuelleborni*
## Footnote
swollen belly = characterized by abnormal distention, respiratory distress, generalized edema, and hypoproteinemia
149
# Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis
Creeping eruption similar to swamp itch by avian schistosome cercariae
*S. myopotami* & *S. procyonis*
| *Strongyloides*
150
# Identify the parasite based on pathogenesis
- Tingling throat syndrome
- Abdominal pain
- Nausea
- Peritoneal irritation
- Vomiting
*Trichostrongylus*
151
What are the two species of nematodes causing anemia?
- *Trichuris trichiura*
- Hookworm
152
Which of the nematodes can inflict eosinophilia on the human host?
- *Ascaris lumbricoides*
- *Trichuris trichiura*
- Hookworm
- *Strongyloides stercoralis*
153
Which of the nematodes have a polymyarian muscle arrangement?
*Ascaris lumbricoides*
## Footnote
more than 5 rows of muscles for locomotion
154
Which of the nematodes have a meromyarian muscle arrangement?
- *Enterobius vermicularis*
- Hookworms
## Footnote
between 2- 5 rows of muscles for locomotion
155
Which of the nematodes have a holomyarian muscle arrangement?
*Trichuris trichiura*
## Footnote
less than 2 rows of muscles for locomotion
156
200 worms of what nematode may cause chronic dysentery, profound anemia, and growth retardation?
*Trichuris trichiura*
157
In what nematode may u find a honeycomb appearance of the intestinal mucosa due to ulcerations caused by embedded eggs?
*Strongyloides stercoralis*
158
Due to its nature to favor immunocompromised patients, *S. stercoralis* is considered a/an ____ parasite.
opportunistic
## Footnote
80% mortality rate grabe!
159
What do u call the syndrome in *S. stercoralis* wherein the GI tract and the lungs are involved?
| may also cause debilitation and death
hyperinfection syndrome
## Footnote
- dahil marami n involved, autoinfect nang autoinfect strongy thus hyper haha
- remember also na capable 'to of heart-lung migration so yeah
160
What do u call the disease caused by *Strongyloides stercoralis* that involves other organs such as the liver, heart, adrenals, pancreas, kidneys, or CNS?
| seen in immunocompromised patients (w/ AIDS and HTLV-1)
## Footnote
HTLV-1 = Human T-lymphotropic Virus type 1
Disseminated strongyloidiasis
