Amoeba (in general) Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
what Sub/Phylum is characterized by the presence of hyaline foot-like extrusions from the cytoplasm?
A
Phylum Amoebazoa
or Subphylum Sarcodina
2
Q
All amoeba inhabits the large intestine except what?
A
Entamoeba gingivalis
E. gingivalis inhabits the mouth/oral cavity
3
Q
what do you call the hyaline foot-like extrusions of the cytoplasm?
A
pseudopodia
it is a cortical zone of undifferentiated cytoplasm and a locomotory structure
4
Q
Protozoans may reproduce asexually through ____, and sexually
A
binary fission
5
Q
A nucleus of a protozoan may have what in its structure?
A
- karyosome
- varying peripheral chromatin
6
Q
All Entamoeba are lumen-dwelling except?
A
Entamoeba gingivalis
7
Q
All Entamoeba are non-pathogenic or commensals except what?
A
Entamoeba histolytica
8
Q
Cyst is the infective stage of Entamoeba except for?
A
Entamoeba gingivalis
9
Q
2 regions of cytoplasm of protozoans
A
- Ectoplasm
- Endoplasm
10
Q
region of cytoplasm for metabolism and nutrition
A
Endoplasm
Endo = loob
11
Q
region of cytoplasm that is characterized as hyaline structure for protection
A
Ectoplasm
from here stems the pseudopodia
12
Q
4 stages in the life cycle of protozoans
A
- Trophozoite
- Precyst
- Cyst
- Metacystic stage
most observed are trophz and cysts stage
13
Q
this is the motile or vegetative state of protozoans
A
Trophozoite
14
Q
trophozoites are seen in what type of stool sample?
A
fresh watery, loose, or mucus-filled stool sx
basta remember na basa & fresh, higher chances of trophz
15
Q
stains used to visualize trophozoite and its nucleus
A
buffered Methylene Blue (either Nair’s or Quensel’s)
16
Q
what do u call the characteristic of trophozoites that make them easy to break?
A
labile hehe
17
Q
what do you call the nonmotile stage of protozoans?
A
Cyst
18
Q
Infective stage of protozoans is called
A
Cyst
- Immature cyst: pre-cyst
- Mature cyst: metacyst
19
Q
In what type of stool will you observe cysts?
A
Formed stool sx
as stool is formed, less trophozoites
20
Q
What are the possible stains that can be used for protozoan cysts?
A
Lugol’s Iodine or D’Antoni’s Iodine
Iodine cannot be used sa trophz bcoz it is toxic
21
Q
cysts have a structure called chromatid bodies and these serve as their what?
A
nutrient source or energy source kung san k masaya
22
Q
MOT of Entamoeba histolytica
A
ingestion of infective cyst
23
Q
Habitat of Entamoeba histolytica
A
Large Intestine
24
Q
Entamoeba histolytica is known as the only true ____
A
pathogen
or pathogenic amoeba
25
Infective stage of *Entamoeba histolytica*
mature cyst
| metacyst
26
Virulent stage of *Entamoeba histolytica*
Trophozoite
27
how many nucleus does the infective stage of *Entamoeba histolytica* have?
4
28
karyosome location of *Entamoeba histolytica*
central
| both troph and cyst gitna
## Footnote
cysts have centrally-located karyosomes but usually eccentric
29
Peripheral Chromatin of *Entamoeba histolytica*
Fine, evenly distributed
30
*Entamoeba histolytica* cytoplasm appearance
1. clean-looking cytoplasm (troph)
2. thin wall, hyaline appearance (glassy), highly refractile
31
Chromatoidal bar shape of *Entamoeba histolytica* cyst
Cigar-shaped or sausage-shaped
32
The trophozoite of *Entamoeba histolytica* may contain ingested what? And it's exhibiting a property called?
Ingested RBCs; hematophagia
## Footnote
trophz w/ ingested RBCs are termed **hematophagous**
33
motility of *Entamoeba histolytica* troph
Unidirectional, progressive
34
Virulence factors of *Entamoeba histolytica*
1. Lectin
2. Amoebapores
3. Cysteine Proteinases
35
Virulence factor of *Entamoeba histolytica* responsible for attachment
Lectin, GalNac Lectin, or Gal Lectin
36
Virulence factor of *Entamoeba histolytica* responsible for holes on lining of large intestine
Amoebapores
37
Virulence factor of *Entamoeba histolytica* for tissue disruption and spread of infection
| allows parasite to penetrate mucosa and adhere to underlying layer
Cysteine Proteinases
38
How do we diagnose *Entamoeba histolytica*?
1. DFS
2. Conc techniques
3. Culture media
4. Stains
5. Serology (antibody detection)
39
Concentration techniques applicable to *Entamoeba histolytica*
1. FECT/FEACT
2. MIF
40
Stains used for *Entamoeba histolytica*
1. Iron Hematoxylin
2. Trichome stain (more used nowadays)
41
Serological tests done to *Entamoeba histolytica*
1. ELISA - *histolytica* vs other kamukha
2. IHAT
3. IFAT
## Footnote
- ELISA = Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay
- IHA/IHAT = Indirect Hemmagglutination
- IFAT = Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test
42
Treatment for *Entamoeba histolytica*
1. Metronidazole - for symptomatic
2. Diloxanide furoate - asymptomatic
43
Where does the excystation of *Entamoeba histolytica* occur?
## Footnote
excystation = "exit" cyst stage to become troph
small intestine
## Footnote
no excystation occurs in an acidic envi; requires neutral pH or slightly alkaline envi
44
After excystation into four trophozoites, where will the *Entamoeba histolytica* trophz multiply? what do u call that process of reproduction?
Large Intestines; binary fission
45
*Entamoeba histolytica* trophozoites will invade the mucosal crypts of the intestinal lumen where they feed on RBCs and form ulcers. Ulceration of the intestinal wall may give rise to?
Amoebic dysentery
## Footnote
characterized by _mucus_ and _blood_ in stool
46
If *Entamoeba histolytica* trophozoites invade the Colon, what are the diseases that may manifest?
1. Colitis (inflammation)
2. Amoebic Appendicitis
3. Ameboma
## Footnote
- Colitis may lead to perforation and secondary bacterial peritonitis
- Amoebic dysentery too
47
what do you call the most common extraintestinal form of amoebiasis and is characterized by anchovy sauce liver aspirate where u can find trophz?
Amoebic Liver Abscess
| ALA gg kapag asa liver na
## Footnote
ALA may rupture into the pericardium then pleura then intraperitoneal rupture
48
If lumala pa, *Entamoeba histolytica* may travel into the brain and cause what disease?
Secondary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
## Footnote
why 2ndary? primary kasi is *Naegleria fowleri*
49
# True or False
no treatment is necessary for commensal amoeba
True
## Footnote
they do not cause disease
50
Which amoebae are morphologically the same with *Entamoeba histolytica* except for size?
*E. dispar*, *E. moshkovskii*, & *E. hartmanni*
51
Considered as smaller version of *Entamoeba histolytica*
*Entamoeba hartmanni*
52
MOT of *Entamoeba coli*
Ingestion of infective cyst from contaminated water/fud
53
*Entamoeba coli* troph number of nucleus?
one
54
*Entamoeba coli* cyst nucleus number?
8
| octonucleated
55
karyosome of *Entamoeba coli*
Eccentric & Large
56
Peripheral chromatin of *Entamoeba coli*
Coarse, rough, unevenly distributed
57
Cytoplasm of *Entamoeba coli* trophozoite
dirty-looking; granular
## Footnote
marumi kasi may debris, bacteria, even yeast. ingests everything lmao
58
In terms of size, which is bigger, *Entamoeba coli* or *Entamoeba histolytica?*
*Entamoeba coli*
59
is the cystic wall of *Entamoeba coli* thick or thin?
thick
60
the pseudopodia of *Entamoeba coli* troph appears what?
blunt, wider
61
the chromatoidal bar of *Entamoeba coli* appears as what?
Broom stick/Witch broom/Splinter-shaped
62
motility of *Entamoeba coli* trophozoite
Sluggish, non-directional, non-progressive
63
motility of *Entamoeba hartmanni*
Sluggish, non-progressive
64
Amoeba of pigs and monkeys; also the most common parasite in Papua New Guinea
*Entamoeba polecki*
65
*Entamoeba polecki*'s infection is classified as what type?
## Footnote
can be passed from animals to humans*
Zoonotic
66
*Entamoeba polecki* trophozoite number of nucleus
1
67
*Entamoeba polecki* cyst nucleus number?
1
68
*Entamoeba polecki* karyosome location?
Centrally located (both tropz & cyst)
69
*Entamoeba polecki* chromatoidal bar appearance
Angular/pointed appearance
70
motility of *Entamoeba polecki* troph?
Unidirectional, progressive, sluggish
71
what organism is morphologically identical to *Entamoeba polecki*?
*Entamoeba chattoni*
72
the smallest intestinal amoebae that is as small as a RBC is called?
| RBC = 6-8um
*Endolimax nana*
73
*Endolimax nana* trophozoite number of nucleus?
1
74
*Endolimax nana* cyst number of nucleus
4
75
karyosome of *Endolimax nana* trophozoite
Large, Irregular
76
karyosome of *Endolimax nana* cyst
Large, prominent, blot-like
77
Appearance of *Endolimax nana* cyst
Oval, cross-eyed
78
motility of *Endolimax nana* trophz
Unidirectional, non-progressive, sluggish
79
Cysts of *Entamoeba* are usually ____ than those of *Endolimax* or *Iodamoeba*
| larger or smaller
larger
80
amoeba that is also known as the amoeba of swine (pigs)?
| pigs onli no monkeys
*Iodamoeba butschlii*
81
nucleus number of **trophz and cyst** of *Iodamoeba butschlii*
one
82
# True or False
Peripheral chromatin is only present in *Entamoeba*
True
83
Nucleus appearance of *Iodamoeba butschlii* trophz & cysts
"Basket of flowers" appearance
## Footnote
this is due to achromatic granules
84
*Iodamoeba butschlii* has a ____ vacuole sa cytoplasm
glycogen
## Footnote
- cyst = one glycogen vacuole
- trophz = plenty of vacuoles
85
motility of *Iodamoeba butschlii* troph
sluggish, nonprogressive
86
what do u call the amoeba of the oral cavity?
*Entamoeba gingivalis*
87
# True or False
*Entamoeba gingivalis* has no cyst stage
true
88
MOT of *Entamoeba gingivalis*
kissing, sharing of personal items
89
*Entamoeba gingivalis* is non-pathogenic but can be seen in patients with ____ (gum infections)
pyorrhea alveolaris
90
nucleus number of *Entamoeba gingivalis* troph
1
## Footnote
remember na rin na fine & evenly distributed peripheral chromatin (tinatamad na q)
91
what parasite is referred to as the "**brain-eating amoeba**"?
*Naegleria fowleri*
92
*Naegleria fowleri* belongs to the family Vahlkampfiidae in which members are characterized as what?
## Footnote
able to temporarily assume a flagellate form while being completely devoid of flagella in the ameboid stage
ameboflagellates
## Footnote
has an amoeba and flagellate form
93
# True or False
*Naegleria fowleri* thrives best in cold weather
False
| *Naegleria fowleri* is thermophilic
## Footnote
meaning, it thrives best in warm aquatic environments
94
what form or life stage of *Naegleria fowleri* is only found in the environment?
cyst
95
Free-living amoeba are what type of parasites?
Facultative
## Footnote
with a free-living and parasitic phase
96
the infective stage of *Naegleria fowleri* is what?
trophozoite
97
*Naegleria fowleri* may enter the body through?
olfactory epith or skin or nose
## Footnote
but usually nose. then penetration of the nasal mucosa tapos lalapit sa olfactory nerves tapos cribriform plate tapos olfactory bulb tapos arachnoid space tapos brain **GG**
98
*Naegleria fowleri* trophozoites replicate by?
promitosis
## Footnote
Promitosis is a primitive intranuclear mitosis that can be seen in protistans. It is characterized by the absence of asters, poorly defined chromosomes, a large, constricting and dividing nucleoli and the presence of a karyosome
99
motility of *Naegleria fowleri* troph?
sluggish, directional
| by blunt and broad pseudopodia
## Footnote
however, eong flagellated form wld have a **spinning or jerking** motility
100
*Naegleria fowleri* causes what type of disease in the brain?
## Footnote
characterized by inflammation of meninges in the brain
Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
| PAM
101
Incubation period of PAM
2-3 days or 1-2 weeks
## Footnote
px usually dead after 1 week
102
*Naegleria fowleri* trophozoite can be distinguished from other cells by their ____ shape and progressive mvmnt
limax
| Latin, sluglike
103
Lab Diagnosis for *Naegleria fowleri*
1. Wet Mount Examination of CSF
2. Smears stained with Wright's or Giemsa
3. Biopsy
4. CSF Analysis (neutrophilic dominance, high prot, low gluc)
5. Culture
6. Molecular methods
104
Treatment drug for *Naegleria fowleri*
Amphotericin B with Clotrimazole
## Footnote
New agents: Azithromycin, Voriconazole
105
*Acanthamoeba* spp. and *Balamuthia mandrillaris* have two life cycle stages. what are they?
Trophozoite and Cyst
106
*Acanthamoeba* spp. and *Balamuthia mandrillaris* are causative agents of what disease in the brain?
## Footnote
usually associated with immunocompromised hosts
Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis
| GAE
107
# True or False
GAE is also associated with swimming like *Naegleria fowleri* infection and invasion of the CNS is secondary to infection anywhere else in the body
False
## Footnote
GAE is not associated w/ swimming
108
When *Acanthamoeba* enters the eye, what may occur?
severe keratitis
| or *Acanthamoeba* keratitis
109
what disease is associated with the _use of improperly disinfected soft contact lenses_?
*Acanthamoeba* keratitis
110
nucleus number of *Acanthamoeba* trophozoite & cyst
one
111
Karyosome of *Acanthamoeba* spp troph
Centrally-located, densely-staining
112
Karyosome of *Acanthamoeba* cyst
Large, Central
113
what do you call the thorn-like appendages of *Acanthamoeba* trophozoite which is used for locomotion and in evident on phase-contrast microscope?
Acanthapodia
## Footnote
these are spring projections of the pseudopod
114
An *Acanthamoeba* cyst has two walls. An outer wall and an inner wall. what are the characteristics of each wall?
- Outer: wrinkled
- Inner: polygonal
115
If *Acanthamoeba* enters through skin, what disease manifest?
cutaneous lesions
## Footnote
- these are presense of _hard erythematous nodules_
- common in AIDS patients
116
*Acanthamoeba* diagnosis
1. usually after death
2. biopsy
3. corneal scrapings
4. culture
5. molecular methods
117
culture used for detection of *Acanthamoeba*?
Cubertson's medium
## Footnote
Cubertson's is a non-nutrient medium with Gram-negative bacteria (usually *Escherichia coli*) kasi nga *Acanthamoeba* eats gram-negative bacteria
118
Treatment for *Acanthamoeba*
- Fluorocystine
- Ketoconazole
- Amphotericin B
119
# True or False
*Balamuthia mandrillaris* has the same appearance with *Acanthamoeba*
True
