Intro

Question 1

what are parasites?

Answer 1

organisms that live on and obtain their nutrients from another organism

dependence of one living organism on another

Question 2

what do you call the living together of unlike organisms?

Answer 2

Symbiosis

may also involve protection or other advantages to one or both organisms

Question 3

A type of symbiotic relationship wherein two species live together and one species benefits from the relationship w/o harming or benefiting the other

Answer 3

Commensalism

association between 2 orgnsms; one benefits & has a neut effect sa isa

Ex: Entamoeba coli in the intestinal lumen are supplied with nourishment and are protected from harm while it doesn’t cause any dmg to tissue of host

Question 4

A type of symbiotic reationship wherein two organisms mutually benefit from each other

Answer 4

Mutualism

Ex: Termites’ digestive system is composed of flagellates which synthesize cellulase to aid in the breakdown of ingested wood

Question 5

A symbiotic relationship wherein one organism benefits at the expense of the other organism

Association of 2 diff species of organisms that is beneficial to one at the other’s expense

Answer 5

Parasitism

Ex: Entamoeba hystolytica derives nutrition from the human host and causes amebic dysentery

Question 6

A parasite living inside the body of a host is known as an?

Answer 6

endoparasite

Question 7

A parasite living outside of the body of a host is known as an?

Answer 7

ectoparasite

Question 8

Presence of an endoparasite in a host is called?

Answer 8

infection

Parasite sa loob ng katawan = infection; by endoparasite

Question 9

Presence of an ectoparasite in a host?

Answer 9

infestation

Parasite sa labas ng katawan = infestation; by ectoparasite

Question 10

What do you call parasites that are found in an organ which is not its usual habitat?

Answer 10

Erratic parasites

Ex: Entamoeba hystolytica is a good example of erratic parasites & is found sa GI tract where they cause amoebiasis

Question 11

What do you call the parasites that cannot survive outside of a host?

they need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete their development a nd to propagate their species

Answer 11

obligate parasites

Ex: Tapeworms depend entirely upon their host for existence

Question 12

What do you call parasites that is capable of existing independently of a host?

may exist in a free-living state or may become parasitic when the need arises

Answer 12

facultative parasite

Question 13

What do you call a parasite which establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live?

Answer 13

accidental or incidental parasite

Question 14

A ____ parasite is a free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract w/o infecting the host.

Answer 14

spurious

Question 15

type of parasite that produces eggs/ova

Answer 15

Oviparous

Question 16

type of parasite that produces larva

Answer 16

Viviparous or Larviparous

Question 17

Type of host in which the parasite attains sexual maturity

Answer 17

Definitive or Final host

• Also known as primary host; sexual production of the parasite occurs here
• Formation of the zygote occurs here
• Ex: Definitive host of Plasmodium is the female Anopheles

Question 18

Type of host that harbors the asexual or larval stage of the parasite

Answer 18

Intermediate host

• Also called secondary host
• Asexual reproducion of the parasite occurs here
• Sexual differentiation of the parasite occurs here
• Intermediate host of the Plasmodium is human

Question 19

A type of host in which the parasite does not develop further to later stages

harbors the parasite in an underdeveloped or arrested state of devlpment

the parasite remains alive & is able to infect another susceptible host

Answer 19

paratenic host

Paragonimus metacercaria in raw wild boar meat can pass through the intestinal wall of humans and complete its development

Question 20

type of host that can allow the continuation of the life cycle and become additional sources of human infection

(always animals)

Answer 20

reservoir host

Question 21

type of host that harbor a particular pathogen w/o manifesting any signs and symptoms

Answer 21

carrier

Question 22

what do you call the ones responsible for transmitting the parasite from one host to another?

Answer 22

Vectors

Question 23

A type of vector wherein this transmits the parasite only after the parasite has completed its development within the host

Answer 23

biologic vector

When an Aedes mosquito sucks blood from a patient with filariasis, the parasite undergoes several stages of development from first stage larva to third stage larva before the latter (infective stage) is transmitted to another susceptible host.

Question 24

this type of vector transports the parasite without development of the parasitic cycle

Answer 24

Mechanical/Phoretic vector

Question 25

What do you call the process of inoculating an infective agent? | inoculate = to introduce a microorganism into :pp xori copy paste s book

Answer 25

Exposure

Question 26

What do you call the establishment of the infective agent (parasite) in the host?

Answer 26

Infection

Question 27

What do you call the period between the infection and the evidence of symptoms?

Answer 27

Incubation period | sometimes referred to as *Clinical Incubation Period*

Question 28

What do you call the period between the infection/acquisition of the parasite and the evidence or demonstration of infection?

Answer 28

Pre-patent period | sometimes referred to as *Biologic Incubation Period* ## Footnote period between infection and actual diagnosis using lab tests

Question 29

____ results when an infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection

Answer 29

Autoinfection

Question 30

____ happens when the already infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection with the parasite

Answer 30

Superinfection or hyperinfection | or Coinfection ## Footnote UNHOLY TRINITY - HAT - H - hookworm - A - ascaris - T - Trichuris

Question 31

# Identify the source of exposure require further development in the soil before they become infective

Answer 31

STH (Soil-Transmitted Helminths)

Question 32

# Identify the source of exposure require further development within the body of a snail which serves as their intermediate host before they can become infective

Answer 32

Snail-Transmitted Group

Question 33

# Identify the source of exposure where species of insects act as vectors of parasitic diseases such as mosquitoes, sand fly, and tsetse fly

Answer 33

Arthropod-Transmitted Group

Question 34

# Identify the source of exposure require further development in the flesh of some animals that man can consume

Answer 34

Animal/Food-Transmitted Group

Question 35

# Identify the source of exposure Person to person transmission wherein the parasites require no further development and are readily infective

Answer 35

Contact-Transmitted Group

Question 36

# Identify the source of exposure the infected person is his own source of re-exposure

Answer 36

One's self (autoinfection) ## Footnote may be external autoinfection (Taenia solium, Hymenolepis nana, and Cryptosporidium parvum) or internal autoinfection (Strongyloides stercoralis, Capillaria philippinensis)

Question 37

type of distribution of disease (epidemiology) wherein a disease in human population maintains a relatively steady, moderate level

Answer 37

Endemic | normal lng lol

Question 38

distribution of disease (epidemiology) wherein there is a sharp rise in the incidence or an outbreak of considerable intensity occurs | biglaang pagtaas

Answer 38

Epidemic

Question 39

distribution of disease wherein the prevalence of a disease in a community is high

Answer 39

hyperendemic

Question 40

distribution of a disease if it appears only occasionally in one or at most few members of a community

Answer 40

sporadic

Question 41

distribution of a disease if it covers an extensive area of the world

Answer 41

pandemic

Question 42

Enumerate the 5 modes of entry

Answer 42

1. Skin penetration 2. Congenital/Vertical Transmission 3. Inhalation 4. Ingestion 5. Sexual or Venereal Route

Question 43

method of diagnosis that is based on the recognition of the characteristic signs and symptoms of the infection of disease

Answer 43

Clinical Diagnosis

Question 44

method of diagnosis that is based on the identification of the parasites in different specimens

Answer 44

Laboratory Diagnosis

Question 45

Which among the fllowing is an example of a blood fluke? a. Ascaris b. Schistosoma c. Toxoplasma d. Entamoeba

Answer 45

b. Schistosoma

Question 46

A parasite that can live independently of a host and can survive in its absence. a. Erratic b. Obligate c. Intermittent d. Facultative

Answer 46

d. Facultative

Question 47

In malarial parasite, human acts as ____ a. Definitive host b. Reservoir host c. Intermediate host d. Paratenic host

Answer 47

c. Intermediate host

Question 48

This refers to the rate of occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition. a. Incidence b. Prevalence c. Mortality d. Morbidity

Answer 48

a. Incidence ## Footnote Incidence is new ones while prevalence existing n mga may sakit na

Question 49

defined as a permanent reduction to zero of the **worldwide** incidence of infection caused by a specific agent, as a result of deliberate efforts

Answer 49

Erradication | or disease erradication

Question 50

a reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a **defined geographic area** as a result of deliberate efforts

Answer 50

elimination | or disease elimination

Question 51

# Identify the Phylum Amoeba, Flagellates, Hemoflagellates

Answer 51

Phylum Sarcomastigophora | or Phylum Amoebazoa & Phylum Metamonada

Question 52

# Identify the Phylum Ciliates

Answer 52

Phylum Ciliophora

Question 53

# Identify the Phylum Plasmodium, Babesia, Intestinal Coccidians, Tissue Coccidians

Answer 53

Phylum Apicomplexa

Question 54

scientific term for roundworms

Answer 54

nematodes

Question 55

scientific term for tapeworms

Answer 55

cestodes

Question 56

scientific term for flukes

Answer 56

trematodes

Question 57

How is *Necator americanus* transmitted?

Answer 57

Soil | part of STH (HATS)

Question 58

How is *Ancylostoma duodenale* transmitted?

Answer 58

Soil | STH

Question 59

How is *Ascardis lumbricoides*, *Trichuris trichiura*, & *Strongyloides stercoralis* transmitted?

Answer 59

Soil ## Footnote basta HATS lmao sth soil-**TRANSMITTED**

Question 60

How r d *Plasmodium* spp transmitted?

Answer 60

Vector Borne

Question 61

Two types of life cycles

Answer 61

1. Direct 2. Indirect

Question 62

Life cycle that involves only the parasite and the definitive or final host | walang intermediate host

Answer 62

Direct life cycle

Question 63

Life cycle that has an intermediate host

Answer 63

Indirect life cycle | Ex: *Plasmodium* ## Footnote Life cycle more complicated = lesser chances for parasite to survive