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Flagellates Flashcards

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1
Q

A large group of protozoans possessing whip-like protoplasmic extrusions

A

flagellates

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2
Q

all flagellates reproduce asexually through what?

A

binary fission

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3
Q

All flagellates inhabit the large intestine except for what 3?

A
  1. Giardia duodenalis
  2. Trichomonas vaginalis
  3. Trichomonas tenax
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4
Q

All flagellates undergo encystation except for these 3. wat r they?

A
  1. Trichomonas vaginalis
  2. Trichomonas hominis
  3. Trichomonas tenax

lahat ng Trichomonas walang cyst stage

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5
Q

MOT of Giardia duodenalis

A

ingestion of infective cysts (fecal-oral)

from fecally contaminated water or food

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6
Q

where is the usual habitat of Giardia duodenalis?

A

small intestine

duodenum, jeju, upper ileum

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7
Q

when a px has Giardia duodenalis, what may be the characteristic of stool sx?

or Giardiasis

A

foul-smelling diarrhea w/ increased amt of fat & mucus no blood

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8
Q

nucleus number of Giardia duodenalis trophozoite

A

2

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9
Q

Appearance of Giardia duodenalis trophozoite

A
  • old man’s face w/ eyeglasses
  • pear-shaped
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10
Q

nucleus number of Giardia duodenalis cyst

A

4

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11
Q

Appearance of Giardia duodenalis cyst

A
  • hyaline (clear) cyst wall
  • oval-shaped
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12
Q

How many pairs of flagella does a Giardia duodenalis troph have?

A

4 pairs

  • 2 lateral
  • 1 ventral
  • 1 caudal
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13
Q

what do you call the structure in Giardia duodenalis trophozoite that functions for support?

structure for structural support & not movement

A

Axostyle

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14
Q

This structure in Giardia duodenalis troph functions as the intracellular portion of a flagellum (core comprising the microtubules) and is important for the troph’s motility.

A

Axoneme

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15
Q

Axostyle to Axoneme ratio in Giardia duodenalis trophozoite

A

1:2

The motile trophozoite is supported by a midline structure called an axostyle made up of two axnemes (Zeibig, 2013)

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16
Q

This structure in Giardia duodenalis troph acts as the virulence factor

A

Ventral sucking discs

2 sila

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17
Q

Two curved rods are seen posterior to the sucking disk of Giardia and they function as an energy source that help support the posterior end of the organism. what are they?

A

2 median bodies

or parabasal

these are unique to Giardia

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18
Q

how many median bodies are there in Giardia duodenalis cysts?

A

four median bodies

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19
Q

except the nuclei, what do you call the structures seen inside the cytoplasm of Giardia duodenalis cyst?

eong hati ehehe

A

Axostyle

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20
Q

motility of Giardia duodenalis troph

A

Falling Leaf Motility

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21
Q

Giardiasis is usually accompanied with abnormal quantities of fat in the stool, that condition is called?

A

steatorrhea

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22
Q

Giardiasis incubation period?

A

1-4 weeks

average 9 days

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23
Q

Virulence factor of Giardia duodenalis

A

Ventral Sucking Discs

some references also state lectin as a virulence factor (for attachment) but just go w ventral suckers

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24
Q

Giardia duodenalis will alter the mucosal lining and will lead to villous flattening and crypt hypertrophy which will further lead to?

this is why fat and mucous are present in blood. whatchucall d mal mal

A

malabsorption and maldigestion

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25
Diagnosis for *Giardia duodenalis*
1. DFS 2. Entero-Test (String Test) 3. Duodenal Aspirate examination 4. Immunoassay 5. Biopsy 6. Molecular Testing
26
To diagnose Giardiasis and u came out negative sa DFS, what will the docs do?
Entero-test | or String Test ## Footnote swallow a capsule w/ string and yarn will go sa duodenum and after 4 hrs u pull then u prep smear and look for parasite (green string)
27
Drug treatment for *Giardia duodenalis*
Metronidazole | Alt drugs: tinidazole furazolidone, abendazole
28
What is the parasite that is formerly classified as an amoeba but now an ameboflagellate?
*Dientamoeba fragilis*
29
MOT of *Dientamoeba fragilis*
fecal-oral route ## Footnote Ingestion of cysts or trophozoites
30
*Dientamoeba fragilis* is usually ingested with what helminth eggs?
*Enterobius* and *Ascaris*
31
how many nucleus does *Dientamoeba fragilis* have?
1 or 2 nuclei | usually 2 kaya **Di**entamoeba
32
motility of *Dientamoeba fragilis*
non-progressive mvmnt
33
the karyosome of *Dientamoeba fragilis* has how many granules?
4-6 discrete granules
34
Common symptoms associated with *Dientamoeba fragilis* infection are?
intermittent diarrhea with excess mucous ## Footnote - Gastroenteritis - Diarrhea - Abdominal pain - Anorexia
35
Diagnosis of *Dientamoeba fragilis*
1. DFS 2. Prompt fixation with PVA or Schaudinn's
36
Drug Treatment for *Dientamoeba fragilis* infection?
Iodoquinol | Alt drugs: tetracycline and metronidazole
37
Nucleus number of *Chilomastix mesnili* troph & cyst
1
38
Appearance of *Chilomastix mesnili* trophozoite
**safety pin appearance**, or twisted jaw appearance
39
*Chilomastix mesnili* cyst appearance
Lemon-shaped, Nipple-shaped
40
How many flagella is present in a *Chilomastix mesnili* trophozoite?
- 3 anterior - 1 near cytostome
41
What allows the trophozoite of *Chilomastix mesnili* to move in a stiff, rotary, and directional manner?
Flagella ## Footnote sabi sir Greg **spiral groove**
42
The most prominent of the cytostomal fibrils that is curving posteriorly around the cytostome of a trophozoite of *Chilomastix mesnili* resembles a what?
a shepherd's crook
43
what do you call the protruding structure of the cyst of *Chilomastix mesnili*?
Hyaline knob ## Footnote kaya siya mukhang lemon bcoz of this protrusion
44
motility of *Chilomastix mesnili* trophozoite?
Corkscrew/Boring/Rotary | possibe din spiral forward
45
MOT of *Enteromonas hominis*
Ingestion of cysts | contamination of water, food, or hands with infective cysts
46
*Enteromonas hominis* trophozoite number of nucleus?
1
47
*Enteromonas hominis* cyst number of nucleus
1-4 nuclei | predominant mga binucleate condition
48
*Enteromonas hominis* trophozoite appearance?
- Oval-shaped - 3 anterior flagella - 1 posterior flagella
49
*Enteromonas hominis* appearance?
oval-shaped ##Footnote cyst & troph hehe same
50
motility of *Enteromonas hominis* trophozoite
Jerky motility
51
MOT of *Retortamonas intestinalis*
ingestion of cysts | contamination of water, food, or hands with infective cysts
52
nucleus number of *Retortamonas intestinalis* for trophozoite and cyst?
one nucleus
53
*Retortamonas intestinalis* trophozoite appearance?
- Ovoid or teardrop-shaped - cleft-like cytostome - 1 anterior flagella - 1 posterior flagella ##Footnote Actually im not sure d2 kasi d book mentioned 2 anterior flagella is used for mvmnt smth but d golden trans said otherwise
54
*Retortamonas intestinalis* cyst appearance?
- Bird's beak appearance - Pear-shaped or slightly lemon-shaped - Presence of cytostomal fibrils
55
The presence of the two fibrils that extend from the nuclear region to the attenuated end of the cyst gives the cyst of *Retortamonas intestinalis* the appearance of what?
bird's beak appearance
56
motility of *Retortamonas intestinalis* trophozoite
Jerky motility | move rapidly by means of flagella
57
what parasite causes Trichomoniasis? ## Footnote STD that affects both males and females
*Trichomonas vaginalis*
58
Habitat of *Trichomonas vaginalis*?
vagina or cervix | males: urethra and prostate
59
MOT of *Trichomonas vaginalis*
- intimate contact - infant delivery - contaminated towels and underwear
60
# true or false *Trichomonas vaginalis* has no cyst stage
True ## Footnote Pseudocystic stage, meron
61
Life cycle stages of *Trichomonas vaginalis*?
- flagellated trophozoites - amoeboid trophozoites - pseudocystic stages
62
infective stage of *Trichomonas vaginalis*?
trophozoite
63
nucleus number of *Trichomonas vaginalis*?
1
64
appearance of *Trichomonas vaginalis* troph? | troph lng nmn lawl no cyst stage
- Pear-shaped - Pyriform ## Footnote also has an axostyle for structural support and cytostome
65
how many flagella does *Trichomonas vaginalis* troph have?
- 4 anterior flagella - 1 flagella embedded in undulating membrane
66
what do you call the membrane of *Trichomonas vaginalis* that is found on the **lateral portion and is characterized as a wave-like structure used for motility** and is 1/2 of body length?
Undulating membrane
67
The undulating membrane is attached to the *Trichomonas vaginalis* via a rib-like structure called?
costa
68
What do you call the granules that are iron-rich and near the axostyle of *Trichomonas vaginalis* troph? | no distinct function LOLOLOL
Siderophil granules | also called paraxostylar granules
69
motility of *Trichomonas vaginalis* troph?
- Jerky tumbling motility - Jerky, rapid, nondirectional (Markell & Voge, n.d.) ## Footnote gagi si sir greg pala adapting editor neto WOWOWOWOW MAMAW MO SIR GREG
70
Proliferationg colonies of *Trichomonas vaginalis* may cause ____ & ____ of vaginal epithelium? | identify the de & de
degeneration & desquamation
71
other term for inflamed cervix caused by *Trichomonas vaginalis* infection
strawberry cervix | red dots can be seen (hemorrhages)
72
# True or False in both males and females, *Trichomonas vaginalis* infection may lead to sterility
True
73
What does *Trichomonas vaginalis* use to bind to vaginal epithelial cells?
adhesins | it also has enzymes that promote tissue disruption
74
What factor does *Trichomonas vaginalis* have that induces a cytopathic effect on vaginal epithelial cells?
cell detaching factor
75
preferred specimen for *Trichomonas vaginalis* diagnosis
Vaginal discharge
76
Routine specimen for *Trichomonas vaginalis* diagnosis?
Urine
77
Laboratory Diagnosis of *Trichomonas vaginalis* ## Footnote just be familiar, no need 2 memo hehe
- Wet mounts of vaginal and urethral discharge - Cervical smear - Culture (Diamond's medium) - Urinalysis - Semen, prostatic fluid examination - Immunoassays
78
Drug treatment for *Trichomonas vaginalis* infection?
Metronidazole ## Footnote Tinidazole too pwede
79
What flagellate is named penta for its 5 flagella?
*Pentatrichomonas hominis* | or *Trichomonas hominis*
80
Habitat of *Pentatrichomonas hominis*
Colon
81
# True or False There is little evidence that *Pentatrichomonas hominis* is pathogenic for humans
True hehe
82
Flagella location of *Pentatrichomonas hominis*
- 4 anterior - 1 posterior
83
Apparently, *Pentatrichomonas hominis* is indicative of ____ contamination, as it does not form cysts. | what type of contamination?
direct fecal contamination
84
motility of *Pentatrichomonas hominis* troph
Jerky, non-directional
85
habitat of *Trichomonas tenax*
mouth
86
MOT of *Trichomonas tenax*
- kissing - use of contaminated glass or dishes (sharing of utensils)
87
The smallest *Trichomonas* is?
*Trichomonas tenax* ## Footnote also resistant to changes in temp
88
Diagnosis for *Trichomonas tenax*?
swabbing tartar ## Footnote swabbing may be done between teeth, gingival margin, or tonsillar crypts
89
Drug treatment for *Trichomonas tenax* infection?
Metronidazole
90
Nucleus number of *Trichomonas tenax* troph
1
91
Appearance of *Trichomonas tenax* troph
Pear-shaped; Pyriform
92
Motility of *Trichomonas tenax* troph
Jerky, rapid, non-directional
93
Flagella of *Trichomonas tenax* troph
- 4 anterior - 1 posterior ## Footnote with axostyle for structural support

Parasitology (25 decks)

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