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ANAT 323 > lecture 14: CN 1 and 2 > Flashcards

lecture 14: CN 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is cranial n 1

A

olfactory

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2
Q

is the olfactory n sensory, motor, or both

A

sensory

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3
Q

thru what foramina does CN 1 pass thru

A

cribriform plate (ethmoid bone)

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4
Q

true or false: the cranial n 1 (olfactory) does not emerge from the brainstem

A

true

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5
Q

where are the cell bodies located for the olfactory n

A

in olfactory epothelium

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6
Q

does the olfactory n have a brainstem nuclei

A

no

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7
Q

what is the associated foramen of the olfactory n

A

foramina of cribriform plate (ethmoid bone)

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8
Q

what is general function of the olfactory n

A

olfaction/smell

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9
Q

the olfactory n is a collection of what types of neurones

A

bipolar neurons

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10
Q

where is the cell bodies of primary neurons of olfactory n located

A

in olfactory epithelium

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11
Q

what acts as sensory receptors for the olfactory n

A

cilliated peripheral processes

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12
Q

where do the cilliated peripheral processes (that act as sensory receptors) sit for the olfactory n

A

in olfactory mucuso (receptors face inside the nasal cavity)

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13
Q

where do the central processes of the olfactory n pass

A

thru foramina of cribifriom plate

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14
Q

what are the 2 cells that support the primary sensory neurons of the olfactory n

A

basal cells and sustentacular cells

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15
Q

where do primary neurons synapse with secondary neurons for olfactory n

A

in olfactory build

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16
Q

where are the secondary sensory neuron cell bodies located for the olfactory n

A

in olfactory bulb

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17
Q

what do the axons of the secondary olfactory neurons form

A

olfactory tract and trigone

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18
Q

why is the synapse between primary and secondary olfactory neurons different than usualy

A

happens in spherical shape (glomerulus)

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19
Q

what gives the olfactory burn its large and circular shape

A

the cell bodies of the secondary n

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20
Q

what is anosmia

A

loss of smell

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21
Q

loss of smell is called what

A

anosmia

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22
Q

what is hyposmia

A

reduced ability to smell

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23
Q

reduced ability to smell is called what

A

hyposmia

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24
Q

what are some causes for anosmia or hyposmia

A

congestion or swelling of mucosa (usually transient)

shearing of fibers passing thru crib plate (usually w head trauma)

lesions or damages along the pathways

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25
Q

is there any decussation in the olfactory pathway

A

no , olfactory info is relayed to ipsilateral primary olfactory cortex

exp:the medial stria to contralateral oflactory bulb

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26
Q

olfactory info is relayed to ipsilateral or contra later primary olfactory cortex

A

ipsilateral

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27
Q

true or false: there is decussation of olfactory system

A

false, there is none since olfactory info is relayed to ipsilateral primary olfactory cortex

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28
Q

what is the olfactory trigone

A

it is a division of the olfactory tract into a medial olfactory stria and a lateral olfactory stria

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29
Q

what is the function of dividing the olfactory tract into a medial and lateral olfactory stria

A

since some neurons form the medial olfactory stria to cross the midline (via ant comissiure and inhibit the contralateral olfactory bulb)
=assists in localization of smell

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30
Q

what assists in localization of smell

A

the fact that some neurons form the medial olfactory stria to cross the midline (via ant comissiure and inhibit the contralateral olfactory bulb)

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31
Q

how do some neurons form the medial olfactory stria to cross the midline

A

(via ant comissiure

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32
Q

what is the physiological function of some neurons forming the medial olfactory stria to cross midline

A

to inhibit the contralateral olfactory bulb (assists with localization of smell)

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33
Q

describe the location of the primary olfactory cortez

A

piriform area (uncut and anterior parahippocampal gyrus)

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34
Q

does the piriform cortex have any important connections for the olfactory system

A

yes, projects to adjacent limbic area, including strong connections to the amygdala

=explains how there are memories linked to olfactory cues

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35
Q

since the piriform area projects to adjacent limbic area, including strong connections to the amygdala
what does this explain

A

=explains how there are memories linked to olfactory cues

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36
Q

true or false: vision is the only system of concious somatosensation that does not HAVE to pass thru the thalamus on its way to primary cortex

A

false, olfacttion

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37
Q

explain why there is no tertiary neuron involved in olfaction

A

since it is is the only system of concious somatosensation that does not HAVE to pass thru the thalamus on its way to primary cortex

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38
Q

what is the function of the “secondary” olfactory system

A

concious perception and discrimination of olfactory information

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39
Q

does info from the olfactory system never go to the thalamus

A

false, it can go there (just doesn’t HAVE TO)

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40
Q

what is the cortex that allows us to discriminate olfactory info

A

discriminative olfactory cortex (secondary olfactory cortex) in orbitofrotal cortex (ant region)

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41
Q

where is the discriminative olfactory cortex (secondary olfactory cortex) located

A

in orbitofrotal cortex (ant region)

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42
Q

explain the thalamic relay of olfactory system

A

information from piriform area can project to thalamus (speficially to the dorsomedial nucleus) before going to orbitofrontal cortex

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43
Q

what is the important thalamic nucleus for olfactoion

A

dorsomedial nucleus

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44
Q

what does damage to the secondary olfactory cortex lead to (either to that thalamic relax/orbitfrontal cortex)

A

difficulty identifying and or discriminating between smells (can still detect presence of doors)

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45
Q

in a damage to secondary olfactory cortex, can you still detect present of odours

A

yes

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46
Q

contrast a lesion/damage to primary olfactory cortex to secondary

A

primary: complete loss of smell (asnosmia)

secondary: difficulty identifying and or discriminating between smells (can still detect presence of doors)

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47
Q

what are the 2 important olfactory reflexes

A

secretion of saliva in response to appetizing smells

promotion of digestive processes

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48
Q

true or false: olfactory pathways have limited projections to the diencephalon

A

false, wide-spears projectsios including to the diencephalon

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49
Q

explain the secretion of saliva in response to appetizing smells reflex

A

projections from habenular nuclei (epithalamus) thru stria medullar is and hypothalams

target= superior (CN VII) and inferior (CN IX) salivary nuclei

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50
Q

what are the important dice-halon structures of the secretion of saliva reflex

A

projections from habenular nuclei (epithalamus) and hypothalams

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51
Q

what is the target for the secretion of saliva in response to smells reflex

A

superior (CN VII) and inferior (CN IX) salivary nuclei

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52
Q

what is the cranial n associated with the superior salivary nuclei

A

CN VII)

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53
Q

what is the cranial n associated with the inferior salivary nuclei

A

CN IX

54
Q

explain the promotion of digestive processes reflex

A

projections from hypothalamus
targer=dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus N (X)

=going to project to various digestive tissues to increase perilsatlic activity, gastric secretion, warming system

55
Q

what is the important diencephalon structure for the promotion of digestive processes reflex

A

hypothalamus

56
Q

what is the important target structure for the promotion of digestive processes reflex

A

dorsal motor nucleus of vagus N (CN X)

57
Q

is the optic n sensory, motor or both

A

sensory

58
Q

is the optic n associated with a brainstem nuclei

A

no

59
Q

where are the cell bodies of primary neurons for optic n located

A

in retina (ganglion cells)

60
Q

what is the associated foramen for the optic ne

A

optic foramen/canal (sphenoid bone)

61
Q

what is the function of the optic n

A

vision

62
Q

how many cranial nerves are associated in visual processes

A

4

63
Q

what are the 4 cranial nerves associated in visual processes

A

CN II
CN III, IV, VI

64
Q

explain how CN II is associated in visual processes

A

transmission of visual information

65
Q

explain how CN III, IV, VI is associated in visual processes

A

movement of the eye

66
Q

is optic n part of the PNS or CNS

A

CNS

67
Q

what is the optic n

A

bundle of retinal ganglion cell axons

68
Q

are the bundle of retinal ganglion cell axons bipolar or multipolar

A

bipolar

69
Q

where are the cell bodies of the optic n located

A

in inner later of retina

70
Q

what is the pathway of visual information coming in to retina

A

information has to pass to the deepest structure first (perceived by photoreceptors) beforee getting pushed back towards bipolar cells, then retinal ganglion cells

71
Q

are the bundle of retinal ganglion cell axons more analogous ti secondary or primary sensory neurons and explain

A

secondary
(they decussate and synapse in the thalamus)

72
Q

are we going to see a 3 neuron pathway in the optic/visual system

A

not really.. optic nerve kinda starts at secondary neuron

73
Q

what is the most analogous to a primary neuron in the visual system

A

bipolar cells

74
Q

what is the fovea

A

central fixation point (highest visual acuity where there is the max concentration of photoreceptors)

75
Q

central fixation point (highest visual acuity where there is the max concentration of photoreceptors)

is called the

A

fovea

76
Q

what is the macula

A

the surrounding area to the fovea with a still high amount of photoreceptors

77
Q

where do the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye

A

optic disk

78
Q

true or false; the optic disk has photorecepors

A

false, it is a blind spot (optic n exits here)

79
Q

true or false: each eye has both a right and a left visual field

A

true

80
Q

do the visual fields of right and left eyes overlap

A

yes, overlap to form a central binocular region and lateral monocular regions

81
Q

true or false: left eye=left visual field

A

false

82
Q

in the left eye, is the right visual field more nasal or temporal

A

nasal

83
Q

in the left eye, is the left visual field more nasal or temporal

A

temporal

84
Q

in the right eye, is the right visual field more nasal or temporal

A

temporal

85
Q

in the right eye, is the left visual field more nasal or temporal

A

nasal

86
Q

what happens to information from the visual field when it hits the retina

A

info is inverted from horizontally and vertically

87
Q

explain how in the retinae, info from visual field is inverted from horizontally and vertically

A

anything coming from lateral/temporal visual fields will be on nasal side of retina and vice versa

anything that was at the top of the visual field, will be at the bottom of the retina

88
Q

explain the decussation that occurs at the optic chiasm

A

nerve fibers from the medial/nasal half of the retina decussate to the contralateral side

nerve fibers from the lateral/temporal half of the retina stay ipsilateral

89
Q

explain the pathway of nerve fibers from the medial/nasal half of the retina

A

nerve fibers from the medial/nasal half of the retina decussate to the contralateral side

90
Q

explain the pathway of nerve fibers from the lateral/temporal half of the retina

A

stay ipsilateral

91
Q

true or false: nerve fibers from the temportal/lateral half of the retina decussate to the contralateral side

A

false, they stay ipsilateral

92
Q

left visual field information in left eye will end up on what side of the retina, and what side of the optic tract

A

will end up on medial/nasal aspect of the retina

that means the fibres will decussate and end up in right optic tract

93
Q

right visual field information in left eye will end up on what side of the retina, and what side of the optic tract

A

will end up on lateral/temporal aspect of the retina

that means the fibres will not decussate/stay ipsi and end up in left optic tract

94
Q

left visual field information in right eye will end up on what side of the retina, and what side of the optic tract

A

will end up on temporal/lateral aspect of the retina

that means the fibres will not decussate/stay ipsi and end up in right optic tract

95
Q

right visual field information in right eye will end up on what side of the retina, and what side of the optic tract

A

will end up on medial/nasal aspect of the retina

that means the fibres will decussate and end up in left optic tract

96
Q

which fibers decussate: medial or lateral

A

medial

97
Q

all information from left eye ends up in what optic n

A

left optic n

98
Q

all information from right eye ends up in what optic n

A

right optic n

99
Q

what is the point ofnthe decussation at optic chiasm

A

reorganization of information so that all information from left visual field will be on right side of brain

and all info from right visual field will be on left side of brain

100
Q

when you get to the optic tract, all information from right visual field is on what side

A

left optic tract

101
Q

what is the next stop of secondary neurons of optic pathway after the optic tract

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamusw

102
Q

what is the important nucleus of the thalamus for visual pathway

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

103
Q

what is the terminal synapse for most retinae ganglion neurons

A

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus

104
Q

HOW MANY layers of lateral geniculate nucleus

A

6

105
Q

information coming from ipsilateral eye in LGN of thalamus goes to what layers

A

2,3,5

106
Q

information coming from contral eye in LGN of thalamus goes to what layers

A

1,4,6

107
Q

layers 2,3,5 of LGN of thalamus is associated with contralateral or ipsialtearl eye

A

ipsilateral

108
Q

layers 1,4,6 of LGN of thalamus is associated with contralateral or ipsialtearl eye

A

contralateral

109
Q

input from rods go to what layers

A

magnocellular (1,2)

110
Q

magnocellular (1,2) layers is input from rods or cones

A

rods

111
Q

input from cones go to what layers

A

parvocellular ()3-6)

112
Q

parvocellular ()3-6) layers is input from rods or cones

A

cones

113
Q

example the parvocellular (3-6) organization

A

high spacial resolution and low temporal resolution = important for acuity and colour

114
Q

explain the magnocellular (102) orgnization

A

low spacial resolution and high temporal resolution = important for contrast and movement

115
Q

after synapsing in the LGN of the thalamus, tertiary sensory neurons form what in the brain

A

optic radiation (geniculocalcarine tract)

116
Q

explain the retinotopic organization of the optic radiation

A

information from upper visual quadrant travels in temporal raditions (lower) (including meyers loop)

information from lower visual quadrant travels in parietal raditations

117
Q

information from upper visual quadrant travels in BLANK raditations

A

temporal

118
Q

information from lower visual quadrant travels in BLANK raditations

A

information from lower visual quadrant travels in parietal raditations

119
Q

where does visualsensory info end in the brain

A

primary visual cortex (in and around calcarine sulcus)

120
Q

where is the primary visual cortex located

A

in and around calcarine sulcus

121
Q

explain the 3 retinotopic organizations of the primary visual cortex

A

1) information from left visual field goes to right visual hemispheres (vice versa)

2) information from upper quad ends up below calc sulcus
while info from lower quads ends up above calcarine sulcus

3) information from the centre of visual field (fovea) is most caudal
as we move more rostral within the primary visual cortex information willl become more periphere

122
Q

explain the side (R/L) retinotopic organization

A

1) information from left visual field goes to right visual hemispheres (vice versa)

123
Q

explain the quadrant (U/L) retinotopic organization

A

2) information from upper quad ends up below calc sulcus
while info from lower quads ends up above calcarine sulcus

124
Q

true or false: 2) information from upper quad ends up below calc sulcus

A

true

125
Q

explain the proximity to fovea retinotopic organization

A

information from the centre of visual field (fovea) is most caudal
as we move more rostral within the primary visual cortex information willl become more periphere

126
Q

information from centre of visual field is more caudal or rostral

A

caudal

127
Q

information from perioherals of visual field is more caudal or rostral

A

rostral

128
Q

why do we get the meyers loop for termporal radiations

A

must go around the inferior horn of lateral ventricles

129
Q

information from upper quadrant travels in temporal radiations and goes to what part ocf occipital

A

below the calcarine sulcus

130
Q

information from lower quadrant travels in parietal radiations and goes to what part ocf occipital

A

above the calcarine sulcus

ANAT 323 (25 decks)

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