lecture 21: reticular formation Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
what is the reticular formation
A
diffuse network of nuclei scattered throughout the core of the brainstem (tegmenjtum)
2
Q
give some general functions of the processes reticular formation helps in
A
coordination of cranial n function
control of skeletal muscles
control of sensation(somatic and visceral)
control of autonomic nervous and endocrine systems
influence biological clocks
modulation of diffuse brain systems
control of arousal and consciousness
3
Q
the reticular formation is continuous with what superiorly
A
diencephalic nuclei
4
Q
the reticular formation is continuous with what inferiorly
A
intermediate zone in spinal cord
5
Q
where is the rostral reticular formation
A
midbrain and rostral pons
6
Q
where is the caidal reticular formation
A
caudal pons and medulla
7
Q
what is the general function of the rostral reticular formation
A
forebrain activity : consciousness (attention, arousal)
8
Q
what is the general function of the caudal reticular formation
A
premotor coordination, reflex and autonomic functions give
9
Q
give 3 examples of nuclei in the reticular formation
A
raphe nuclei
locus correolus
pneumotaxix region
10
Q
what is the function of the pneumotaxic region
A
control or rate and pattern of breathing
11
Q
what are the 3 longitudinal columns of reticular formation
A
median column
medial coloumn
lateral coloum
12
Q
what is the nuclei that makes up the midline of the reticular formation
A
raphe nuclei
13
Q
intermediate sized neurons are in what coloum
A
median column
14
Q
raphe nuclei is associated with internmiedate, small or large neurosn
A
intermediate
15
Q
the neurons of the median column are primarily what type
A
serotonergic
16
Q
The raphe nuclei (median column) are the place of synthesis of the neurotransmitter BLANK
A
serotonin
17
Q
WHICH column gives rise to most ascending and descending projections assocaited with the reticular formation
A
medial coloumn
18
Q
pain modulation is found in what aspect of the reticular formation
A
raphia neclei (median columN)
19
Q
true or false: the lateral column gives rise to most ascending and descending projections assocaited with the reticular formation
A
false, medial column
20
Q
which column is involved in motor coordination
A
medial
21
Q
the vestibulocerebrum pathway projections are found in what longitudinal revision of the reticular formation
A
medial column
22
Q
medial column reticular formation general fucntion
A
motor coordination
23
Q
what are the types of neurons in medial column (size)
A
large neurons (magnocellular)
24
Q
true or false: neurons assocaited with medial column are large neurons (magnocellular)
A
true
25
what is the smallest longitudinal division of the reticular formation
lateral column
26
the lateral column of the reticular formation extension from where to where
mid pons to medulla
27
what is main function of the lateral column of reticular formation
involved in organization of cranial n activity, reflexes and visceral functions
28
true or false: the medial column is involved in organization of cranial n activity, reflexes and visceral functions
false the lateral column is
29
what are the types of neurons in lateral column (size)
small neurons (parvocellular)
30
what are the 2 main functions of the reticular formation in the midbrain
eye movements (vertical gaze coordination)
conciousness (ARAS)
31
what are the 3 main functions of the reticular formation in the pons
eye movements (ie: horizontal gaze coordination)
consciousness (ARAS)
autonomic regulation
32
vertical gaze coordination is in what reticular formation area of the brainstem
midbrain
33
horizontal gaze coordination is in what reticular formation area of the brainstem
pons
34
what does ARAS stand for
ascending reticular activating system
35
what is the ARAS
neurons in the upper brainstem reticular formation (midbrain and pons) project to forebrain targets and thalamus to maintain concious brain functions and wakefulness.
36
neurons in the upper brainstem reticular formation (midbrain and pons) project to forebrain targets and thalamus to maintain concious brain functions and wakefulness.
describes what system
ARAS
37
consciousness is maintained by what system
ARAS
38
give some examples of reticular formation areas/nuclei involved in autonomic regulation
pontine mictrution and storage cetners
cardioaccereltory and inhibitory centers
39
what are the 4 main functions of the reticular formation in the medulla
cranial n reflexes (eg gag reflex)
respiration and circulation
pain modulation
autonomic regulation
40
cranial n reflexes (eg gag reflex)
respiration and circulation
pain modulation
autonomic regulation
reticular formation in what area
medulla
41
eye movements (ie: horizontal gaze coordination)
consciousness (ARAS)
autonomic regulation
reticular formation in what area
pons
42
eye movements (vertical gaze coordination)
conciousness (ARAS)
reticular formation in what are
midbrain
43
true or false: conciousness depends on collaborative activity between the reticular formation, thalamus (intralaminar nuclei) and cortex
true
44
conciousness depends on collaborative activity between the reticular formation and BLANK (2 structures)
thalamus (intralaminar nuclei) and cortex
45
the brainstem components of the CONCIOUSNESS network in reticular formation is called what
ascending reticular acivtiating system
46
true or false: only one nucleus in the RF contributes to the ARAS
false, multiple
47
the numerous nuclei in the RF that contribute to the ARAS funnel rostrally or caudally to midbrain
rostrally
48
the numerous nuclei in the RF that contribute to the ARAS funnel rostrally TO BLANK
midbrain
49
wha tis general definition of conciousness
sentience and awareness of internal and external self and environment
50
what are the 2 general pathways of the ARAS
dorsal and ventral route
51
the dorsal route of the ARAS has projections to where
thalamus (intralaminar nucleu)
52
the ventral route of the ARAS has projections to where
hypothalamus and forebrain
53
ARAS projections to thalamus (intralaminar nuclei) is dorsal or ventral route
dorsal
54
ARAS projections to hypothalamus and basal forebrain is dorsal or ventral route
ventral
55
will a lesion to the rostral midbrain and potentially thalamus lead disrupt conciousness
yes, coma Since you are affected ARAS
56
will a lesion to the pons typically lead disrupt conciousness
no false it usually won't affect ARAS
57
what separates the thalamus into medial and lateral
internal medullar lamina
58
where is the intralaminal nuclei of thalamus
within the white matter lamina that separates the medial and lateral groups of thalamic nuclei
59
what thalamic nuclei is involved in conciousness
intralaminar nuclei
60
the intralaminar nuclei receives input from ventral or dorsal route of ARAS
dorsal
61
true or false: the intralaminar nuclei receives input from dorsal route of ARAS
true
62
true or false: respiratory rate and pattern are mainly controlled by circuits in the pons and medulla
true
63
respiratory rate and pattern are mainly controlled by circuits in the BLANK and medulla
pons
64
true or false: respiratory rate and pattern are mainly controlled by forebrain
false, pons and medulla circuits
65
true or false: voluntary control of respiration (eg: holding breath) in pons and medulla
false, forebrain
66
where is voluntary control of respiration (eg: holding breath) controlled
in forebrain
67
what is an important nucleus involves in respiration of RF
caudal nucleus solitarius
68
explain why caudal nucleus solitarius is involved in respiration of RF
it receives visceral sensory input (chemoreceptors and mechanorecepts)
69
bilateral lesions to respiratory centers produce what type of deficits
altered respiration rhythms
70
a bilateral lesion to midbrain will cause what type of breathing issue
central neurogenic hyperventilation
71
eupnea is good or bad respiration
good
72
dyspnea is good or bad respiration
problem with breathing
73
the sleep wake cycle is actively controlled by what
RF and hypothalamus
74
sleep wake cycle is actively induced by what
CNS structures
75
what are the 3 divisions of the sleep wake cycle
wakefullness
non rem sleep
rem sleep
76
why type of neurons in hypothalamus stimulate nuclei of diffuse brain stems and ARAS (wakefulness)
orexin
77
orexin neurons in hypothalamus stimuluate nuclei of diffuse brain stems and what other structures
ARAS (wakefulness)
78
orexin neurons in hypothalamus STIMULATE OR INHIBIT nuclei of diffuse brain stems and ARAS ()
stimulate
79
degeneration of orexin =neurons can lead to what
narcolepsy
80
cause of narcolepsy
degeneration of orexin neurons
81
orexin neurons are mainly located in what brain region
midbrain
82
wakefulness is stimulated by what neurons
orexin
83
what type of neurons inhibit diffuse brain systems to cause non rem sleep
pre optic nuclei and medullary reticular formation
84
true or false: pre optic nuclei are associated with wakefullness
false, non rem sleep
85
where are pre optic nuclei located
hypothalamus
86
pre optic nuclei and medullary reticular formation inhibit or stimulate diffuse brain systems
inhibit
87
degeneration of pre optic nuclei or medullary reticular formation can lead to what
insomnia
88
orexin nuclei associated with rem sleep
false, wakefulness
89
insomnia is associated with degenerations to structures in what type of sleep
non rem sleep
90
rem sleep is initiated by neurons located where
pontine reticular formation
91
BLANK sleep initiated by neurons located in pontine reticular formation
rem sleep
92
rem sleep is initiated by neurons located in pontine reticular formation by what mechanism/how
activate thalamus, cholinergic system and eye movement systems
inhibit decending motor pathways (no muscle tone)
93
explain how in rem sleep your brain is awake but body is asleep
activated thalamus, cholinergic system and eye movement systems
inhibited decending motor pathways (no muscle tone)
94
brainstem nuclei (including FR nuclei) and basal forebrain nuclei give rise to diffuse modulatory projections that stimulate BLANK activity
thalamocortical
95
brainstem nuclei (including FR nuclei) and basal forebrain nuclei give rise to diffuse modulatory projections stimulate thalamuocrotical activity HOW
primarily secrete excitatory NTs (ACH, serotonin, NE) that regulate consciousness, attention, sleep wake cycle, other cognitive function
96
what are the three common features of the diffuse modulating systems that stimulate thalamocortical activity
1) small number of neurons
2) neurons have long axons with numerous branches (influencing more than 10000 post synaptic neurons)
3) neurons release NTs into extracellular space where they can act on numerous other neurons
97
serotonergic system works with what other NT to regulate cortical activity (arousal) and mood
norepinephrin
98
serotonergic system works with norepinephrin to regulate what
cortical activity (arousal) and mood
99
serotonin system arises from where
raphia nuclei (median column of RF)
100
true or false: serotonin systems arise from raphia nuclei (median column of RF)
true
101
true or false: serotonin systems have projections throughout CNS 1
true
102
true or false: serotonin systems regular sleep
false, arousal and mood
103
serotonin depletion is often associated with what
onset of depression
104
what is function of SSRIS
help maintain or increases serotonin levels
105
NE along with what other NT regulates arousal and mood
serotonin
106
true or false: noadrenergic systems arise from raphe nuclei in median RF
false, from locus corrleousw
107
where do noadrenergic systems arise from
false, from locus corrleous
108
what is function of norepinephrinc
increases brain responsiveness and speeds up information processing (essential for learning)
alsohelps seratonine for arousal and mood
109
increases brain responsiveness and speeds up information processing (essential for learning)
what NT
norepinephrin
110
low NE levels are correlated with what
depression
111
what are other examples of antidepressants that affect NE
monoamine oxidizes, tricyclic compounds
112
what can be treated with noreadreergic medications
narcolepsy
113
true or false: insomnia can be treated with noreadreergic medications
false, narcolepsy
114
BLANK system is involved in cognitive function, arousal, learning and memory
cholinergic
115
cholinergy system is involved in what functions
cognitive function, arousal, learning and memory
116
cognitive function, arousal, learning and memory
what NT
acetylcholine
117
what are the cholinergic systems located
pontomesencephalotegmental complex (PMTC) in brainstem and basal forebrain complex
118
pontomesencephalotegmental complex (PMTC) in brainstem and basal forebrain complex
what system
cholinergic system
119
which system has most extensive projections to limbic system (hypo campus)
acetylcholine
120
how are cholinergic system essential for learning
extensive projections to limbic system (hypo campus)
121
true or false, there are no connections between PMTC and ARAS
false there are
the projections are critical for arousal
122
degeneration of cholinergic system is associated with what
alzeihmenrs disease
123
alzeihmenrs disease is associated with degeneration to what system
cholinergic
124
BLANK system is involved in voluntary movement, emotion, and reward/pleasure
dopaminergic system
125
dopaminergic system is involved in what functions
voluntary movement, emotion, and reward/pleasure
126
true or false: ACH is involved in voluntary movement, emotion, and reward/pleasure
false, dopaminegeric
127
where do dopaminergic neurons arise
in substantia nigra (mdibrain) project to striate to control movement
arising in VTA which project to limbic and cortical areas
128
degeneration of the dopinergic system is linked with what
parkinsons
129
neurons arrise in substantia nigra (mdibrain) project to striate to control movement is assocaited with what system
dopaminergic
130
ventral tegmental area is assocaited with what systemn
dopaminergic system
131
neurons arising in ventral segmental area (midbrain) which project to limbic and cortical areas are involved in what
reward and pleasure (important for determinants of behaviour)
132
what mimics dopamine
narcotic (implications for addiction)
