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ANAT 323 > lecture 17: CN VIII > Flashcards

lecture 17: CN VIII Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three semicircular canals

A

anterior
posterior
lateral

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2
Q

which semicircular canal is in the horizontal plaen

A

lateral

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3
Q

what is the name of the enlargement at the end of each semicircular canal

A

ampullae

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4
Q

what are the 3 bones of ear

A

malleus
incus
stapes

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5
Q

which 5 aspects make up the vestibular system of the eat

A

lateral, anterior, posterior semi circualr canalas
utricle and saccule

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6
Q

what is the connection to the nasopharynx in the inner ear called

A

auditory tube (pharyngotympanic)

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7
Q

what is the auditory part of the inner ear called

A

cochlea

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8
Q

true or false, there are two vestibular ganglion/branches of the vestibular n

A

true

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9
Q

which semicircular canal is closest to outer ear

A

lateral

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10
Q

what makes up the vestibular apparatus

A

semicircular canals
otolith organs

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11
Q

what are the otolith organs

A

utricle and saccule

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12
Q

the ampulla contains cristae, what are they

A

sensory receptors

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13
Q

what do we use to sense where our head is in space and how it is movign

A

vestibular apparatus

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14
Q

the vestibular apparatus sits where in the skull

A

in the petrous part of the temporal bone

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15
Q

rotational acceleration of the head is detected by what

A

semicircular cancels (maximally activated by a particular plane)

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16
Q

rotational acceleration of the head in the sagittal plane is detected by what

A

anterior canal

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17
Q

rotational acceleration of the head in the horizontal plane is detected by what

A

lateral canal

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18
Q

rotational acceleration of the head in the frontal plane plane is detected by what

A

posterior cancel

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19
Q

linear acceleration and head tilt is dectected by

A

utricle and suckle

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20
Q

horizontal linear acceleration and head tilt is dectected by

A

utricle

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21
Q

vertical linear acceleration and head tilt is dectected by

A

saccule

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22
Q

jumping is detected by the utricle or saccule

A

saccule

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23
Q

walking is detected by the

A

utricel

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24
Q

nodding yes is detected by which canal

A

anterior canal

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25
Q

saying no is detected by which canal

A

lateral

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26
Q

enlargement (ampulla) in each semicircular canal contains modified BLANK cells

A

hair cells

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27
Q

what are the modified hair cells of in the ampulla

A

stereociliea and kinocilium

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28
Q

the modified hair cell projections of the ampulla are embedded in what

A

a gelatinous done

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29
Q

what is the purpose of having the the modified hair cell projections of the ampulla embedded in gelatinous dome

A

dome ensures they are firing in the same direction depending on the movement

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30
Q

what is the cupula

A

gelatinous done in which the sterocilia and kinocilium of the ampulla are embedded

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31
Q

movement of endolymph deforms the cupula true or false

A

true

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32
Q

movement of endolymph TOWARDS kinocilium means activation or inhibition

A

activation

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33
Q

movement of endolymph AWAY FROM kinocilium means activation or inhibition

A

inhibition

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34
Q

in which direction does the endolymph in the semicircular canals move with respect to movement of head

A

opposite (due to inertia)

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35
Q

what is the equivalent of the cupula in the otolith organs

A

macula

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36
Q

explain how movement is detected by semicircular canals

A

rotational acceleration of the head in one direction is detected by semicircular canals
the endolymph within the activated canal moves in direction opposite to head movement
endolymph movement will deform cupula (if toward kinocilium=activation)

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37
Q

what are the names of the carbonate crystals of the otolith organs

A

statoconia

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38
Q

explain how movement is detected by otolith organs

A

linear acceleration of the head and head tilt in one direction is detected by otolith organs
the statoconia/crystals move with gravity during movement
this movement distorts the gelatinous matrix (containing specialized hair cells)
distorts hair cells which sends signals through the nerve

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39
Q

primary sensory neurons of vestibular division of CN VIII synapse with hair cells where

A

in ampullae and maculae

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40
Q

true or false, the specialized hair cells in the ampullae and macula are considered to be primary sensory neurons

A

false,
primary sensory neurons of vestibular division of CN VIII synapse with hair cells

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41
Q

where are the cell bodies of primary sensory neurons of the vestibular ganglion located

A

in vestibular ganglion

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42
Q

the vestibular n joints which n to form the CN VIII

A

cochlear

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43
Q

the vestibulocochlear n enters the skull through where

)

A

internal acoustic meatus

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44
Q

the CN VIII enters the brainstem where

A

pontomedullary junction lateral to CN VII (cerebellopontine angle)

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45
Q

where do primary neurons of the vestibular division synapse with secondary neurons

A

in vestibular nuclei (special sensory)

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46
Q

the vestibular and cochlear nuclei are located at what level in brainstem

A

caudal pons (level of CN VI)and rostral medulla

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47
Q

what are the 4 divisions of the vestibular nuclear compex

A

superior
medial
lateral
inferior

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48
Q

where is the vestibular nuclear complex located (specific)

A

dorsolateral aspect of boundary between pons and medulla (floor of 4th ventricle)

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49
Q

vestibular nuclei is what type of nuclei

A

special sensory

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50
Q

what are the 4 areas of projection from the vestibular nuclei

A

1) MLF (control of eye movements)
2) cortex via thalamus (concious sense of position and movement)
3) cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle (balance and coordination)
4) descending fibres (vestibulospinal pathways (adjust joint position and muscle tone)

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51
Q

explain the function of the projection to the MLF from the vestibular nuclei

A

1) MLF (control of eye movements)
=eyes stay fixated while head and body moves

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52
Q

explain the function of the projection to the cortex via the thalamus from the vestibular nuclei

A

2) cortex via thalamus (concious sense of position and movement)

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53
Q

explain the function of the projection to the cerebellum via inferior cerebellar peduncle from the vestibular nuclei

A

balance and coordination (vestibulocerebellar pathway)

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54
Q

explain the function of the projection to the descendinng fibers (vestibulospinal bathways) from the vestibular nuclei

A

(adjust joint position and muscle tone)

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55
Q

what is the purpose of the vestibuloocular reflex

A

rapid adjustment of eye movement with respect to head movement to keep gaze fixed on a target

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56
Q

what is the stimulus of the vestibuloocular reflex

A

a right or left horizontal rotation

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57
Q

explain the stimulus of the vestibuloocular reflex

A

eg: right horizontal rotation (sensed by hair cells in ampulla of lateral semicircular canal)

58
Q

if you do right horizontal rotation, it is sensed by hair cells in ampulla of BLANK semicircular canal)

A

lateral

59
Q

explain the afferent limb of vestibuloocular reflex

A

sensory signals travel via vestibular component of CN VIII to the vestibular nuclei

60
Q

in the afferent limb of the vestibuloccular reflex, the sensory signals travel via what to the vestibular nuclei

A

via the vestibular component of CN VIII to the vestibular nuclei

61
Q

in the afferent limb of the vestibuloccular reflex, the sensory signals travel via the vestibular component of CN VIII to what nuclei

A

vestibular nuclei

62
Q

the vestibular nuclei is a branchial motor, visceral sensory or special sensory nuclei

A

special sensory

63
Q

what is the function of the interneuron projecting from the vestibular nuclei to the contralateral abducens nucleus in the vestibuloocualr reflex

A

to connect the vestibular system into the horizontal gaze coordination

64
Q

after the primary sensory neurons synapse in vestibular nuclei in vestibule occular reflex, thhe interneuron projects to what nucleus

A

abducens (contraletal)

65
Q

after the primary sensory neurons synapse in vestibular nuclei in vestibule occular reflex, thhe interneuron projects to the abducens nucleus contralateral or ipsilateral

A

contralateral

66
Q

explain the efferent limb of the vestibuloocualr reflex

A

a) abducens nucleus sends motor signals to lateral rectus ipsilateral
b) internuclear neurons project to the contralateral oculomotor nucleus via the MLF = sends motor signals to the medial rectus

67
Q

what is the response oft he vestibulooccular reflex

A

eyes will track in the opposite direction

68
Q

according to the vestibulocoualr reflex, if you do right horizontal rotation, the eyes will track in what direciton

A

opposite (ie. left direction)

69
Q

if the vestibuloocualr reflex is trigged by left horizontal rotation of the head, which extraoccular muscle will be activated i the right eye

A

lateral rectus

70
Q

if the vestibuloocualr reflex is trigged by left horizontal rotation of the head, which extraoccular muscle will be activated i the left eye

A

medial rectus

71
Q

what are the two ways to test vestibuloocular reflex in comatose patients

A

oculocephalic reflex
caloric reflex

72
Q

explain oculocepehalic reflex

A

eyelids open and head turned
=postive response = eyes will move opposite to direction of head rotation (reflex in tact)

=negative response = eyes will move in same direction as head rotation (reflex not intact)

73
Q

explain a positive response according to the oculocephralic relfex

A

postive response = eyes will move opposite to direction of head rotation (reflex in tact)

74
Q

explain a negative response according to the oculocephralic relfex

A

eyes will move in same direction as head rotation (reflex not intact)

75
Q

explain the caloric reflex with cold water

A

irrigate lateral semicircular canal (because of horizontal direction)
=endolymph will move inferiorly, decreases the firing rate (mimics head turning contraltaealy), eyes move to ipsialtearl side (towards irrigated ear)

76
Q

explain the caloric reflex with warm water

A

irrigate lateral semicircular canal (because of horizontal direction)
=endolymph will move superiorly, increases the firing rate (mimics head turning ipsilateral), eyes move to contralateral side (away from irrigated ear)

77
Q

true or false, in a negative response to cold irrigation, the eyes will turn towards irrigated ear

A

false, a negative response the eyes would remain straight

78
Q

true or false: the vestibular part of the inner ear is responsible for auditory

A

false, the cochlea is

79
Q

explain the transition from sound wave to pressure waves (ie from tympanic membrane to scala vestibule)

A

sound wave comes and hits tympanic membrane
this vibration moves the malleus, incus and stapes
stapes pushes on the membrane of oval window which causes pressure waves in perilyphm of scale vestibule

80
Q

explain the function of the stapes in terms of sound conduction

A

stapes pushes on the membrane of oval window which causes pressure waves in perilyphm of scale vestibule

81
Q

what does the pressure waves in the peryiymph of scale vestibuli and tympani cause distortion of

A

causes distortion of cochlear duct (filled with endolymph) and basilar membrane on which the spiral organ rests
=stimulates hair cells (localization according to frequency)

82
Q

cochlear duct contacts endolymph or perilymn

A

endo

83
Q

spiral organ contains specialized hair cells who’s cell bodies are in what ganglion

A

spiral ganglion

84
Q

explain the tonotopic arrangement of the basilar membrane

A

highest frequency at the base of basilar membrane (near oval window)

lowest frequency at the apex of basilar membrane

85
Q

highest frequency of sounds disrupt what portion of the basilar membrane

A

at the base of basilar membrane (near oval window)

86
Q

lowest frequency of sounds disrupt what portion of the basilar membrane at the apex of basilar membrane

A

at the apex of basilar membrane

87
Q

true or false: highest frequency sounds disrupt the apex of basilar membrane

A

false, the base

88
Q

true or false, all vestibular information coming from vestibular division of CN VIII has to go to cortex

A

false, there are 3 other projections (to MLF, to cerebellum and to descending fibers)

89
Q

primary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII have sensory receptors where

A

hair cells near the basilar membrane (sit in spiral organ)

90
Q

where are the cell bodies of primary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII

A

in spiral ganglion

91
Q

the central processes of the primary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII project to what

A

ipsilateral cochlear nucleus

92
Q

true or false: the central processes of the primary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII project to contralateral cochlear nucleus

A

false, ipsilateral

93
Q

true or false: audition is a 4 neuron pathway

A

true

94
Q

cochlear nucleis is located in what general region of the brainstem

A

caudal pons/rostral medulla (pontomedullar junction)

95
Q

secondary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII project to what

A

bilateral inferior colliculi (mostly contralateral)

96
Q

secondary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII project to ipsilateral or contractual inferior collic

A

bilateral (but mostly contralateral)

97
Q

cell bodies of secondary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII are located where (what ganglion)

A

cochlear

98
Q

the decussation going from the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei to the contralateral inferior colliculi in the cochlear pathway is called what

A

acoustic stria

99
Q

which neuron i the cochlear division pathway decussates

A

secondary (in acoustic stria)

100
Q

cell bodies of tertiary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII are located where

A

inferior colliculus

101
Q

cell bodies of quaternery neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII are located where

A

thalamus (MGN)

102
Q

after synapse between secondary and tertiary neurons, the tertiary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII send information where

A

to ipsilateral medial geniculate nucleis

103
Q

after synapse between secondary and tertiary neurons, the tertiary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII send information to ipsilateral or contralateral medial geniculate nucleis

A

ipsialtrals

104
Q

superior or inferior colliculi is important for audition

A

inferior

105
Q

what thalamic nucleus is important for the cochlear pathway of audition

A

medial geniculate nucleus

106
Q

after synapse in thalamus, the quaternary neurons of the cochlear division of CN VIII project to where

A

primary auditory cortex (superior and transverse temporal gyri)

107
Q

where is the auditory cortex primary

A

in the temporal lobe (transverse and superior temporal gyri)

108
Q

true or false, in the cochlear division of CN VIII, information must pass through the corona radiate and internal capsule

A

false, does not need to pass there because we are saying below the lateral fissure (location of the primary auditory cortex)

109
Q

what are the two structures organized in a tonotopic manner

A

basilar membrane of cochlear and auditory cortex

110
Q

what is the tonotopic arrangement of the primary auditory cortex

A

high frequency = more medial (closest to insula)

low frequency = more lateral

111
Q

in tonotopic arrangement of the primary auditory cortex, high frequency sounds are where

A

more medial (closest to insula)

112
Q

in tonotopic arrangement of the primary auditory cortex, low frequency sounds are where

A

lateral

113
Q

true or false: the cochlear nucleus is a special sensory

A

true

114
Q

conductive hearing loss involves what parts of ear

A

outer and or middle
(ex: issue with tympanic membrane or ossicles)

115
Q

conductive hearing loss causes

A

ear infection, excess earwax, ruptured ear drum, ossicle issue)

116
Q

conductive hearing loss is alsways permanent

A

false, can be transcient

117
Q

true or false: neural hearing loss involves difficulty actually conducting the sound waves into the cohclear

A

false, thats conductive

118
Q

neural hearing los involves what part of the era

A

inner ear (esp sterociliea)

119
Q

is neural hearing loss transient or permanent

A

permanent but treatable

120
Q

what are the causes of neural hearing loss

A

hereditary factors, head injury, excessively loud sounds, infection

121
Q

what are the two tests to differentiate between conductive and neural hearing loss

A

rinne test and weber test

122
Q

rinne test is used to test what

A

checking conduction (if it is gonna be neural or conductive)

123
Q

weber test is used to test what

A

localization (whether the right or left ear is affected)

124
Q

in normal individuals, you should be able to hear the sound of tuning fork thru air or bone longer

A

air (2 times longer)

125
Q

in neural hearing loss, sound conduction in air is longer than bone or shorter

A

longer

126
Q

in normal hearing, sound conduction in air is longer than bone or shorter

A

longer

127
Q

in condition hearing loss, sound conduction in air is longer than bone or shorter

A

bone

128
Q

during the weber test, if a person has no hearing loss, where will the hear the tuning fork best

A

midline

129
Q

during the weber test, if a person has neural hearing loss, where will the hear the tuning fork best

A

normal ear (sound localizes to good ear)

130
Q

during the weber test, if a person has conductive hearing loss, where will the hear the tuning fork best

A

affected ear (sound will localize to affected ear (going thru bone))

131
Q

be able to explain rinne and weber test

A
132
Q

explain why sound conduction is better in bone than air for people with conductive hearing loss

A

sound wave is bypassing problematic parts of outer and middle ear)

133
Q

individual does rhine test and finds out he has conductive hearing loss, during weber, which ear will they ear it louder on and what does that mean

A

will hear it louder on affected ear (conductive hearing loss in ear that is louder)

134
Q

individual does rhine test and finds out he has neural hearing loss, during weber, which ear will they ear it louder on and what does that mean

A

will hear it louder in normal ear (neural hearing loss in opposite ear)

135
Q

what is an acoustic neuroma

A

benign slow progressing tumour of glial cells that myelinated the vestibular division of CN VIII (rare cases also affect cochlear)

136
Q

the acoustic neuroma expands into what

A

the cerebellar pontine angle

137
Q

the acoustic neuroma expands into the cerebellar pontine angle, compressing what nerves in the visinity

A

Cn VIII
CN VII
CN Vw

138
Q

what are the expected deficits of an acoustic neuroma pressing on CN V

A

loss of somatosensation to dermatomes of face V1,2,3
loss of motor innervation to muscles of mastication (ipsilaterally)

139
Q

what are the expected deficits of an acoustic neuroma pressing on CN VII

A

loss of sensation from skin of external ipsilateral ear, taste from anterior 2.3 of tongue, loss of motor innervation to muscles of facial expression (whole ipsilateral face) and loss of lacrimation and reduced saliva

140
Q

what are the expected deficits of an acoustic neuroma pressing on CN VIII

A

loss of balance and loss of vestibulocular reflex in one direction (ipsilateral to lesion)
problems with balance and hearing (if affects cochlear division)

141
Q

what is the associated foramen of the vestibulocochlear n

A

internal acoustic meatus

142
Q

true or false

A

ANAT 323 (25 decks)

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