lecture 15: CN III, IV, VI Flashcards
1
Q
true or false and explain: all visual information entering the right eye will end up on the left primary visual cortex
A
false, it is all information from th right visual field
2
Q
true or false: the right temporal optic radiations carry info from the upper left visual quadrants
A
true
3
Q
true or false and explain: the temporal aspects of the retina always receive information from the right visual field
A
false, receive info from medial visual fields
4
Q
true or false and : all neurons carrying information from the fovea (bilateral) will decussate at the optic chaise
A
false
5
Q
following a head injury, friend says they can barely smell and nose seems runnier than usual (but not congested) what part of olfactory pathway is affected
A
olfactory n (if runny, CSF)
cribirome plate can be broken and damage olfactory nerves
6
Q
what are the orbits
A
paired pyramidal osseous cavities
7
Q
what are the 7 bones that contribute to each orgbit
A
frontal
sphenoid
ehhmoid
palatine
lacrimal
maxilla
zygomatic
8
Q
what fissure is located between the greater and lesser wings of sphenoid
A
superior orbital fissure
9
Q
explain the oblique orientation of the orbit
A
each apex points in a posteromedial direction, creating an oblique orientation
10
Q
each apex of orbit points in a BLANK direction, creating an oblique orientation
A
POSTERMOEDIAL
11
Q
the orbital axis points in what direction
A
posteromedial
12
Q
true or false, the orbital axis does not equal the optic axis
A
true
13
Q
explain how the axis of eyeball (optical axis) does not equal the axis of orbit (or=bital axis)
A
orbital axis points posteromedially while optic axis is a straight vertical line
14
Q
what is at the apex od the orbit
A
optic canal
15
Q
what n passes thru the optic canal
A
optic n
16
Q
how many extraocculator muscles are there
A
7
17
Q
true or false: all 7 extraoccualtor muscles attach to the eye
A
false, only 6
18
Q
what are the 7 extraoccualar muscles
A
superior obloqie
inferior oblique
medial rectus
lateral rectus
inferior rectus
superior rectus
levator palpeerde superioris
19
Q
what is the one extraoccular muscle that does not attach to the eyeball
A
levator palpebrae superioris
20
Q
what are the 3 rotation axes of the extraoccular muscles
A
horizontal (transverse)
vertical
anteroposterior
21
Q
vertical axis of the eye allows what movements
A
abduction and adduction
22
Q
anteroposterior axis of the eye allows what movements
A
lateral and medial rotation
aka intorsion and extorsion
23
Q
tranverse axis of the eye allows what movements
A
evlevation and depression
24
Q
true or false; eyes usually move along a single plane/single axis
A
false, rarely
extraoccular muscles work in various combos to facilitate muscles
25
do the rectus muscles attach on the anterior or posterior part of the eyeball
anterior
26
do the oblique muscles attach on the anterior or posterior part of the eyeball
posterior
27
know the locations of the extraocculato eye moments
28
the medial and lateral rectus attach where
to common tendinous ring and anterior sclera on medial and lateral sides respective
29
the medial and lateral rectus only contribute to movement about what axis (and what movements)
about the vertical axis (adduction and abduction)
30
true or false:the medial and lateral rectus only contribute to movement about transverse axis (ie: elevation and depression)
false, only vertical axis (adduction and abduction)
31
what are the only two types of movement possible for the medial and lateral rectus and why
only adduction and abduction because they can only contribute to movement about the vertical axis
32
what os the action of the medial rectus
adduction
33
adduction is medial or lateral erctus
medial
34
what os the action of the lateral rectus
abduction
35
abduction is medial or lateral rectus
lateral
36
is adduction of eye getting closer to further from nose
closer
37
where do the superior and inferior rectus attach
to the common tendinous ring and to the anterior sclera on the superior and inferior aspects respectively
38
the primary action for the superior and inferior rectus is along what axis
about the horizontal axis (elevation and depression)
39
explain the primary, secondary and tertiary actions (along what axes) of the superior and inferior rectus
primary action about horizontal axis
secondary action about AP axis
tertiary action about the vertical axis
40
the secondary action for the superior and inferior rectus is along what axis
AP axis (intorsion/extorsion_
41
the tertiary action for the superior and inferior rectus is along what axis
vertical axis (adduction/abduction)
42
what is the primary action of the superior rectus
elevation
43
what is the secondary action of the superior rectus
intersion
44
what is the tertiary action of the superior rectus
adduction
45
what is the primary action of the inferior rectus
depression
46
what is the secondary action of the inferior rectus
extorsion
47
what is the tertiary action of the inferior rectus
adduction
48
true or false: both thes superior and inferior rectus do adduction
true
49
explain how there is multiracial actions of the superior and inferior rectus muscles
can be attributed to the lack of alignment between the optical and orbital axes
50
true or false: both superior oblique and rectus are abductiors
false
superior oblique = abductor
superior rectus=adduction
51
explain why adduction is a tertiary action for superior and inferior rectus
since the medial and lateral rectus are always the primary adductors and abductors
52
explain attachment of the superior obliqeu
attaches to the sphenoid and passes thru a fibrous ring (trochlea) resulting in a change of direction (redirects line of pull)
53
explain why there is a redirection of line of pull in the superior oblique
attaches to the sphenoid and passes thru a fibrous ring (trochlea) resulting in a change of direction (redirects line of pull)
54
explain the attachment of the inferior oblique
attaches to the maxilla on the anterior medial floor of orbit
55
explain the primary, secondary and tertiary actions (along what axes) of the superior and inferior oblique
primary action about the AP axis (torsion)
secondary about the horizontal axis (dep elevation)
tertiary about the vertical axis (adduction/abduction)
56
the primary action for the superior and inferior oblique is along what axis
AP axis (torsion)
57
the secondary action for the superior and inferior oblique is along what axis
horizontal axis (dep and elevation)
58
the tertiary action for the superior and inferior oblique is along what axis
vertical axis (abduction)
59
what is the primary action of the superior oblique
intorsion
60
what is the secondary action of the superior oblique
depression
61
what is the tertiary action of the superior oblique
abduction
62
what is the primary action of the inferior oblique
extorsion
63
what is the secondary action of the inferior oblique
elevation
64
what is the tertiary action of the inferior oblique
abduction
65
both the superior and inferior obliques are adductors or abducors
abductors
66
both the superior and inferior rectus are adductors or abducors
adductors
67
which extraocculatr muscles do adduction
MAIN: medial rectus
side: superior and inferior rectus
68
which extraocculatr muscles do abduction
main: lateral rectus
side: superior and inferrer oblique
69
which extraocculatr muscles do elevation
MAIN: superior rectus
side: inferior oblique
70
which extraocculatr muscles do depression
main: inferior rectus
side: superior oblique
71
which extraocculatr muscles do intorsion
main: superior oblique
side; superior rectus
72
which extraocculatr muscles do extorsion
main: inferior oblique
side: inferior rectus
73
explain the seemingly inverted actions of the obqlieu muscles about the horizontal axis (ie: superior oblique=depression)
can be attributed to how the oblique muscles run anterior to posterior
74
true or false: the oblique muscles run posterior to anterior
false
anterior or posterior
75
what is the test for extraoccualtor muscles
H test
76
how do you assess the extraoccular muscles (and aosciatdd cranial n)
H test
requires isoalated each muscle individually (most movements require multiple muscles)
accomplished by aligning the optical axis with the line of pull for the SR/IF and SO/IO
77
how can you test the medial and lateral rectus
just have them abduct and adduct (since they are the primary movers) and if intact and symmetrical on both sides its good
78
how can you test the superior and inferior rectus muscles
put eye into 23 degrees abduction (produced by lateral rectus) which aligns the optical axis with the line of pull for the superior and inferior rectus muscles
=ask patient to elevate and depression (is only being done by rectus muscles and not obliques)
79
by putting the eye intoput eye into 23 degrees abduction (produced by lateral rectus), what does this allign
which aligns the optical axis with the line of pull for the superior and inferior rectus muscles
80
if the eye is in 23 degrees abduction, what are the only muscles working for elevation and depression
SR and IF
81
do test SR and IR, does the eye need to be in adduction or abduction
abduction
82
do test SO and IO, does the eye need to be in adduction or abduction
adduction
83
how can you test the superior and inferior oblique muscles
put eye into 51 degrees adduction (produced by medial rectus) which aligns the optical axis with the line of pull for the superior and inferior oblique muscles
=ask patient to elevate and depression (is only being done by oblique muscles and not rectus)
84
by putting the eye intoput eye into 51 degrees adduction (produced by medial rectus), what does this allign
aligns the optical axis with the line of pull for the superior and inferior oblique muscles
85
if the eye is in 51 degrees adduction, what are the only muscles working for elevation and depression
inferior and superior oblique
86
be able to do h test
87
which cranial n is the king of the eyeball
oculomotor n (CN III)
88
what are the 3 cranial n involved in extra occular muscles
CN III (oculomotor0
CN IV (trochlear)
CN VI (abducens)
89
is oculomotor a sensory, motor, or both nerve
motor
90
is trochlear a sensory, motor, or both nerve
motor
91
is abducents a sensory, motor, or both nerve
motor
92
where do all 3 cranial nerves of extra occular muscle innervation (III, IV, VI) exit the skull
via the superior orbital fissure
93
true or false: cranial n III, IV and VI only carry motor info
true
94
what is the only n out of these (trochlear, oculomotor and abducens) that carries visceral motor info
oculomotor
95
what does the superior branch of the oculomotor n innervat
SR, levator palp superioris
96
SR, levator palp superioris are innervated by what
superior branch of occulmotor
97
what does the inferior branch of the oculomotor n innervate
IR , MR, IO (preganglionic parasymp fibers)
98
IR , MR, IO (preganglionic parasymp fibers) is innervated by what
inferior branch of oculomotor
99
what carries preganglionic parasymp fibers for the eye
inferior branch of oculomotor n
100
what carries postganglionic parasymp fibers for the eye
short cilliary n
101
what is the parasympathetic ganglion near the eye
ciliary ganglion
102
what are the small nerves coming from the ciliary ganglion and what is their function
short ciliary nerves
carry post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers (go to our ciliear muscles and scphinter muscles)
103
which nerves carry the postganglionic parasymp fibers for the eye
short ciliary n
104
what is the target tissue for the post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the eye
to ciliary muscles (change the shape of the lens) and sphincter papillae (change the size of the pupil)
105
what does the trochlear n innervate in the eye
superior oblique m
106
superior oblique m is innervated by what
trochlear n
107
what does the abducens n innervate
lateral rectus muscle
108
lateral rectus muscle is innervated by what
abducens
109
lesion to abducens n will cause probelms with what movement
abduction
110
what is the location of the oculomotor n at the brainstem level
interpenduncular fossa (level of superior colliculi)
111
what is the location of the trochlear n
dorsal aspect of midbrain (level on inf colliculi)
112
true or false, the trochlear n emerges from ventral brainstem
false, dorsal aspect
113
what is the location of the abducens n
pontomedullary junco ventrally (most medial)
114
true or false: abducens n carries both somatic and visceral motor info
false, oculomotor does
115
oculomotor, abducens and tracheal all emerge from foramina in what skull bone
sphenoid
116
true or false: CN III, IV have brainstem nuclei while CN VI does not
false, they all are associated with brainstem nuclei
117
why does the oculomotor n have two brainstem nuclei
since it carries both visceral and somatic motor info
118
where is the locations of the oculomotor nuclei
in rostral midbrain (superior colliculi)
=ventral to cerebral aqueduct near midline)
119
in rostral midbrain (superior colliculi)
=ventral to cerebral aqueduct near midline)
is associated with what brainstem nuclei
oculomotor
120
what is the oculomotor nuclei that carries main somatic motor info
nucleus of CN III (oculomotor n)
121
what is the oculomotor nuclei that carries visceral motor info
accessory oculomotor n
122
true or false: it is almost impossible to damage one oculomotor nucleus without the other
true, they are so close
123
what is the location of the trochlear n nucleu
caudal midbrain (at inf colliculi)
ventral to cerebral aqueduct
124
caudal midbrain (at inf colliculi)
ventral to cerebral aqueduct
is what brainstem nuclei
trochlear
125
true or false: trochlear n comes from the dorsal brainstem
true
126
where is the location of the abducens nuclei in the brainstem
caudal pons
127
true or false: trochlear n brainstem nuclei is located at caudal pons
false, thats abducens
128
what is the somatic motor brainstem nuclei of the trochlear n called
nucleus of CN IV/ trochlear nucleus
129
where does the abducens exit the brainstem
at the pontomedullary junction
130
true or false: the oculomotor n has the longest intracranial route
false, the abducens does
131
in the caudal pons, are the abducens nuclei located more ventral or dorsal
dorsal
132
in the caudal pons, are the abducens nuclei located more lateral or medial
medial
133
what is the name of the brainstem nuclei for abducens n
nucleic of CN VI / abducens nucleus
134
true or false, the right trochlear nucleus gives rise to left trochlear n
true
135
are the somatic motor nuclei of CN III, IV, VI located more medial or lateral
medial
136
explain the course of the extraoccular muscle n
all three n (3,4,6) pass through (or along the wall of) the cavernous sinus en route to the orbit
137
what 3 nerves pass through or along the wall of the cavernous sinus
CN III, IV, VI
138
what cranial n passes THROUGH the cavernous sinus out of III, IV, VI
abducens (VI)
139
what are some additional structures that pass thru the cavernous sinus (besides CN III, IV, VI)
CN V1 and V2, internal carotid a and carotid plexus
140
what sits at the centre of cavernous sinus (but not actually in it)
pituitary gland
141
if you have a cavernous sinus hemmorange, what cranial n are affected
III, IV, VI
V1 and V2
142
true or false: CN III, IV and VI exit the skull via the inferior orbital fissure of the sphenoid bone
false, superior
143
where are the cavernous sinus located
lateral to the sella turcica
144
infection of the cavernous sinus that infects cranial n III, IV and VI can lead to what
a situation where you no longer have voluntary movement of your eyes
145
true or false: the oculomotor nucleus carries visceral motor
false, somatic motor
146
located in the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculi which brainstem nuclei
oculomotor n
147
what are the 3 subnuclei of the on=culomotor nucleus
lateral
medial
centra
148
what does the lateral sub nucleus or oculomotor supply
IPSILATERAL IR, IO, MR
149
IPSILATERAL IR, IO, MR is supplies by what oculomotor sibnucleus
lateral
150
what does the medial subnucleus of oculomotor supply
CONTRALATERAL SR
151
CONTRALATERAL SR is supplied by what oculomotor subneir
medial
152
what does the central sub nucleus of oculomotor supply
supplies lev palp superioris bilaterally
153
supplies lev palp superioris bilaterally is done by what oculomotor subnucleus
central subnucleus
154
true or false: the central subnucleus of oculomotor supplies lev palp superioris unilaterally
false, bilaterally
155
true or false: the right SR will actually be receiving innervation form the right medial subnucleis
false, receiving from the left medial subnucleus (since contralateral projections)
156
which is located more dorsal, the oculomotor nucleus or the accessory oculomotor
accessory
157
the accessory oculomotor n carries somatic or visceral motor
visceral
158
what does the accessory occulomotor nucleus supply
ciliary muscles (change in lens shape) and sphincter pupil (constrict pupils) via ciliary ganglion
159
ciliarymuscles (change in lens shape) and sphincter pupil (constrict pupils) via ciliary ganglion is supplied by what brainstem nucelsi
accessory occulomotor
160
ciliary muscles (change in lens shape) and sphincter pupil (constrict pupils) are supplied via what ganglio
via ciliary ganglion
161
contraction of ciliary muscles increases or decreases internal diameter of the lens
decreases (lens becomes fatter)
162
contraction of sphincter pupil constricts or dilates pupil
contacts
163
construction of pupil is done by para or sympathetic fibers
parasympathetic (via ciliary ganglia)
164
explain sympathetic innervation of dilator pupils
comes from thoracic level horns and synapse in superior cervical ganglionsu
165
superior cervical ganglion is for dilating or constricting pupil
dilating (sympa)
166
ciliary ganglion is for dilating or constricting pupil
constricting (parasympathetic)
167
what are the 3 symptoms of horners syndrome
miosis (constricted pupil)
anhidrosis (reduced sweat)
slight ptosis (droopy eyelids)
168
what is miosis
constricted pupil
169
what is anhidrosis
reduced sweat
170
what is ptosis
eyelid drooping
171
miosis, anhydrous and slight ptosis is associated with what condtion
horners syndrome
172
horners syndrome is associated with damage to sympathetic or parasympatethic neurons inneravting face and neck
sympatethic
173
explain the pathway for horners syndrome
higher order, downstream signalling from subcortical structures (eg. hypo)
communicate with preganglionic sympathetic neurons with cell bodies in upper thoracic lateral horns (t1-t2)
preganglionic synapse with posterior ganglionic sympathetic neurons in superior cervical ganglion)
fibers move thru carotid plexus
=innervate the dilator papillae, superior tarsal muscles and eccrine sweat glands
174
in innervation to dilator pupillae, where are the preganglionic sympathetic neurons located
cell bodies in lateral horns of upper thoracic area
175
in innervation to dilator pupillae, where do the preganglionic sympathetic neurons synapse with post
in superior cervical ganglion (highest region of sympa g=chain)
176
true or false: you can get a droopy eyelid from both parasympathetic and sympathetic damage
true just with parasympthieic the affects will be more severe
177
where will the symptoms present in oculomotor n plays
all symptoms will present ipsilateral to lesion if the NERVE is affected
178
what are the symptoms of an oclumotor n palsy
strabismus (down and out position)
ptosis (droop eyelid)
dilated pupil (decrease sphincter pupil tone)
unresponsive to light and unable to accommodate (loss of ciliary muscle innervation)
179
true or false: all lesions to nerves affected the extraoccualr muscles will result in strabismus
true
180
explain why you have ptosis in oculomotor n palsy
since the oculomotor n (specifically the central subnucleus) innervated the levator palp superioisis
180
explain why the eye will present in an down and out position for oculomotor n palsy
only left with lateral rectors and superior oblique muscles (since they are innervated by trochlear
181
explain why you have a dilated pupil in oculomotor n plasy
because there is a decrease sphincter pupilae tone (since innervated by accessory nucleus of oculomotor)
182
explain why you have unresponsiveness to light and unable to accommodate in oculomotor n palsy
loss of ciliary n muscle innervation (innervated by accessory oculomotor nucleus)
183
the pupillary light reflex involves what cranial nerves
cranial nerves II and II (optic and oculomotor)
184
explain the pathway of the pupillary light reflex
stimulus=light
afferent limb (sensory)
=visual info carried by optic n (CN II)
=fibersbypass lateral geniculate nuclei and project to pretectal nuclei in midbrain
interneurons
=pretectal nuclei sends signals to accessory oculomotor nuclei bilaterally (axons decussate in posterior cominssure)
efferent limb (visceral motor)
=preganglionic parasymp fibers from accessory oculomotor nuclei project to the ciliary ganglia (synapse)
=post ganglionic fibers (short ciliary n) innervate sphincter pupillae muscles
response=contrisction of pupils
185
explain the afferent limb aspect of the pupillary light reflex
afferent limb (sensory)
=visual info carried by optic n (CN II)
=fibersbypass lateral geniculate nuclei and project to pretectal nuclei in midbrain
186
true or false, in the pupillary light reflex, sensory information carried by optic n will synapse like normal in the lateral genicualte nucleis
=fibersbypass lateral geniculate nuclei and project to pretectal nuclei in midbrain
187
where do optic n fibers project to in the pupillary light reflex
pretectal nuclei in midbrain
188
explain the interneuron aspect of the pupialry light reflex
interneurons
=pretectal nuclei sends signals to accessory oculomotor nuclei bilaterally (axons decussate in posterior cominssure)
189
where do the pretectal nuclei send their signals
interneurons
=pretectal nuclei sends signals to accessory oculomotor nuclei bilaterally (axons decussate in posterior cominssure)
190
do pretectal nuclei sends signals to accessory oculomotor nuclei bilaterally or unilaterally
bilaterally (axons decussate in posterior cominssure)
191
explain the efferent limb of the pupillary light reflex
efferent limb (visceral motor)
=preganglionic parasymp fibers from accessory oculomotor nuclei project to the ciliary ganglia (synapse)
=post ganglionic fibers (short ciliary n) innervate sphincter pupillae muscles
192
where do preganglionic parasymp fibers from accessory oculomotor nuclei project to in the efferent limb of the pupillary light reflex
the ciliary ganglia
193
after preganglionic parasymp fibers from accessory oculomotor nuclei project to the ciliary ganglia (synapse), what do the post ganglionic fibers inneravtes in the pupilary light reflex
=post ganglionic fibers (short ciliary n) innervate sphincter pupillae muscles
194
what is the response of the pupillary light reflex
cosntriction of pupil
195
is there only direct response for the pupilary light reflex and explain
no there is direct (eye getting the light) and consensual (other eye not getting light should also constrict)
196
think of a lesion in the pupillary light reflex that would lead to only direct loss, consentual loss or both
197
visual accommodation reflex is carried out by what CN
CN II and III
198
when does visual accommodation happen
when we look at something close and need to keep it in focus on the fovea
199
the visual accommodation response is coordinated by whaat area
supraoculomotor area (in upper midbrain at the junction between dienceptaon)
200
what are the 3 main things that happen for viausla accomodation
1) convergence of gaze
2) increase in reactive power
3) increase of depth of field
201
explain convergence of gaze in visual accomodation
adduction thru activation of medial rectus muscles bilaterallyis
202
is convergence done by medial or lateral rectus
medial (it is adduction)
203
explain increase of refractive power in the visual accomodation
increase curvature of the lens (get fatter) thru activation of ciliary muscles bilaterally
=to properly land of fovea
204
explain increase depth of field in visual accomodate
constriction of pupil through activation of spincther pupilae bilatearlly
205
be able to know visual accomodation pathway
206
be able to know the pupillary light reflex plathway
207
in trochlear n palsy, will symptoms appear ipsialtearl or contralateral to lesion
ipsilateral
208
the trochlear nucleus is somatic motor or visceral motor
somatic motor
209
true or false: the trochlear nucleus is locared in the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculi
true
210
what does the trochlear nucleus supply (extraoccular muscle)
supplies the superior oblique muscle contra laterally
211
right trochlear nucleus gives rise to the right or left trochelear n
left (therefore right trochlear nucleus will supply the left superior oblique)
212
trueor false: lesion to trochlear nerve or trochlear nucleus will result in same symptoms and ipsilateral
false, same symptoms but they will be contralateral for the nucleus lesion (since it gives rise so the contralateral n)
213
what are the symptoms of a trochlear n palsy
vertical or torsional diplopia (double vision) =torsional axes do not line up
hypertropia (eye deviated upwards)
=compensatory posture is tilting head away from affected side
214
vertical or torsional diplopia (double vision) =torsional axes do not line up
hypertropia (eye deviated upwards)
=compensatory posture is tilting head away from affected side
is associated with what cranial n palsy
troclear
215
explain why the eye would be deviated upwards in trochlear n palsy
because the superior oblique muscle is damaged (eye cannot go downwards)
216
is the abducens nucleus somatic motor or visceral motor
somatic motor
217
true or false: the abducens nucleus supplies the lateral rectus ipsialteral
true
218
which nerve has a length intranial course and explain
abducens
=travels rostrally in posterior cranial fossa
=sharp right angled bend over apex of petrous temporal bone before enteiring cavernous
219
in abducens n palsy, will the eye be slightly adducted or abducted and why
slightly adducted (damaging the innervation to lateral rectus, eye cannot abduct properly)
220
explain what would happen with a left abducens n plays (look right, forward and left)
look right: all good
look centre: left eye would be slightly adducted
look left: right eye will look left but left eye (affected) will not move and you will get nystagmus
221
ADD SLIDES ON COORDINATION OF GAZE
222
where are the frontal eye fields located
in and rostral to supplementary motor area
223
what are the projections of the frontal eye fields in coordination of gaze
directly to PPRF (voluntary) and indirectly to PPRF via superior colliculi (reflexive)
224
what are the frontal fields best described as
cortical area controlling saccadic eye movements
225
cortical area controlling saccadic eye movements ??
frontal eye fields
226
what is blood supply to frontal eye fields
middle cerebral
227
what areas are primary associated with smooth pursuit
parieto-temporo-occipito areas
228
parieto-temporo-occipito areas are assocaited with smooth pursuit or saccadic
smooth
229
explain saccades
rapid, coordinated eye movements that redirect gaze to different fixaation points
230
rapid, coordinated eye movements that redirect gaze to different fixaation points
=saccadic or smooth
saccadic
231
is saccadic voluntary, reflexive or both
both
232
find the target would be saccades or smooth prusit
saccades
233
explain smooth pursuit
coordinated eye movements that stabilize the image of a moving visual stimuli on the retina
234
coordinated eye movements that stabilize the image of a moving visual stimuli on the retina
is saccades or smooth
smooth
235
true or false: smooth pursuit is under voluntary control
false, it is not
236
follow teh target is associated with smooth or saccases
smooth
237
what is the general somatic function of the oculomotor n
innervaties 4/6 extraoccular muscles (not lateral rectus or superior oblique) and lev palp superior
238
what is the general visceral function of the oculomotor n
inneravtes ciliary and sphincter pupillae muscles
239
true or false: trochlear n innervates superior rectus m
false, superior oblique
240
true or false: abducens n inneravtes the medial rectus muscle
false, lateral rectus q
