lecture 23: diencephalon Flashcards
1
Q
what structures make up the dienceptpahlon
A
thalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus
2
Q
what is the dicephalon derived from
A
prosencepthalon = primary vessible
secondary vessicles = telencephon and dicenphalon
3
Q
true or false; the diencepephaln is derived from mesenphelaon
A
false, prosenchephalon
4
Q
true or false and explain: thalamus is only a sensory relay center
A
false, it is a sensory relay center (ex, DCML, vision etc) but it is also a motor relay center (basal nuclei and cerebellum)
5
Q
true or false: all concious sensation is relayed to the thalamus en route to the primary cortices
A
false, all concious except olfaction (doesnt HAVE to go to thalamus first)
6
Q
all concious sensation is relayed to the thalamus en route to the primary cortices EXCEPT WHICH
A
olfaction
7
Q
is the thalamus invovled in any motor pathways and give example
A
yes invovled in accessory motor pathways (not corticospinal direciton) but invovled in basal nuclei and cerebellum pathways
8
Q
what is the space betwen hypothalami called
A
3rd ventricle
9
Q
what is the general function of the hypothalamus
A
importanct for maintenance of homeostasis (endocrine system)
10
Q
which structure is importanct for maintenance of homeostasis (endocrine system)
A
hypothalamus
11
Q
is the hypothalamus a part of the limbic systm
A
yes
12
Q
true or false: the hypothalamus is a part of the luimbic system
A
true
13
Q
how does hypohtalmus invluence the endocrine system
A
controles hormone release via pitituary gland
14
Q
the hypothalamuc controles hormone release via WHAT
A
pitituary gland
15
Q
what structures are found in the subthalamus and what are their general fucntions
A
subthalamic nuclei (regulate output rhythm of basal nuclei, involved in reward, pleasure, behaviour)
16
Q
what strcutures are oart of the epthalamus
A
pineal gland
habenullu and stria medullaris (superiorly)
posterior commisure (inferior)
17
Q
true or false; the psoterior commisure is part of the hypothalmus
A
false, it is part of the epithalamus
18
Q
be able to locate the dicephalon subdivisons on a pic
A
19
Q
do voluntary motor pathways have to pass through the thalamus
A
no
20
Q
whta structures form the walls of the 3rd ventricle
A
thalamus and hypothalamius
21
Q
true or false: the thalamus and epithalamus form the walls of the 3rd ventricle
A
false, the thalamus and hypothalamus
22
Q
what forms the walls of the lateral ventricles
A
head of the caudate
23
Q
what connectisons the two medial thalami
A
massa intermedia
24
Q
the superior oaspect of the thalami form what
A
the flors of the lateral ventricels
25
what forms the floors of the lateral ventricles
superior aspect of the thalami
26
what forms the roof of the third ventricle
tela choroidea
27
what is the tela choroidea
a thin membrane that makes it so that there is no constant comminucation between lateral and third ventricles
forms the roof of the third vcentricle
28
what are the 3 general groups of the hypothalamus
anterior (rostral group)
medial (tuberal group)
posterior (mamillary) group
29
where is the rostral group of the thalami located (anterior, medial, or psoterior)
anterior
30
where is the tuberal group of the thalami located (anterior, medial, or psoterior)
medial
31
where is the mamillary group of the thalami located (anterior, medial, or psoterior)
posterior
32
what hypothalamus group of nuclei is responsible for synthesizing hormones released from posterior lobe of pituitary gland
anterior/rostral group
33
what is function of anterior/rostral hypothalmic nuclei
synthesizing hormones released from posterior lobe of pituitary gland
antidirectic hormone and oxytocin
circadian ryhtmis
34
what are the hormones that the anterior/rostral muclei of the hypthalamus make
antidirectic and oxytocin
35
true or false: the anterior hypthalamic nuclei are essential for circandian rhythms
true
36
what are the nuclei in the anterior/rostral group
paraventricular, supraoptic, suprachiamis
37
paraventricular, supraoptic, suprachiamis
part of what group
anterior/rostral
38
the anterior/rostral group of hypothalamic nuclei synthesize or control hormones released from posterior lobe of pituitary gland
synthesize
39
what lobe of the pitutiary gland release the hormones produces from the rostral/atnerior group of hypothalamic nulcei
posterior
40
true or false: oxytocin and antidirectic hormones are synthesized by the medial group of hypothalamic nuclei
false, the anteiror group
41
what are the nuclei in the medial/tuberal group of hypothalamic neuclei
dorsomedial, ventromedial, arcuate
42
dorsomedial, ventromedial, arcuate
part of what hypothalmic nuclei group
medial/tuberal
43
what is the function of the medial/tuberal group of hypothalamic nuclei
controles hormone release from anterior lobe of the pineal gland
satiety, feeding, growth hormone
44
controles hormone release from anterior lobe of the pineal gland
is associateid with what group ofhypothalmic nuclei
medial/tuberal
45
does the pituitary gland produce its own hormones, and if so, in what lobve
yes, anterior lobe
46
true or false; the posterior lobe of the pitutiaary gland produces its own hormoes
false, the anteior lobe.
47
feelings of satiety, feeding, and growth hormones are released by anterior lobe of pitutiary gland, what hypothalmic neucli controls that hormone release
medial
48
what are the nuclei apart of the posterior/mamilary hypothalamic group
posterior and mamillary nuclei
49
what is the function of the posterior group of hypothalmic nuclei
activates sympathetic nervous system (increase BP, pupilary dilation, shivery)
memory (limbic system)
50
activates sympathetic nervous system (increase BP, pupilary dilation, shivery)
memory (limbic system)
is assocaited with what group of hypothalamic nuclei
posterior
51
if i have a lesion to my anterior group of hypothalamic nuclei, what are some assocaited issues
problems with circadian ryhtm (responding to ambient light signals)
issues with reproductive system (oxytocin)
issues with having too much urine (antidirective)
52
problems with circadian ryhtm (responding to ambient light signals)
issues with reproductive system (oxytocin)
issues with having too much urine (antidirective)
lesion to where
anterior gorup of hypothalamic nuclei
53
if i have a lesion to my medial group of hypothalamic nuclei, what are some assocaited issues
you'll have decreased growth hormones (issues with growing)
eating disorders (specifically, not knowing when we are full and eating too much)
54
decreased growth hormones (issues with growing)
eating disorders (specifically, not knowing when we are full and eating too much)
lesion to what group of hypothalamic nuclei
medial
55
if i have a lesion to my posterior group of hypothalamic nuclei, what are some assocaited issues
loss of activating signals to my sympathic system/overactivation to parasym (hypotension, issues with thermoreg)
problem with homeostatic functions
problems with memory
56
loss of activating signals to my sympathic system/overactivation to parasym (hypotension, issues with thermoreg)
problem with homeostatic functions
problems with memory
assicatied with a lesion to which hypothalmic nuclei
psoterior
57
what cells detect light
retinal ganglion cells
58
true or false: all neurons from optic system synapse in either the LGN or pretectal nuclei
false, some can also synapse in the suprachiasmic nucleus at optic chiasm
59
where is the suprachiasmic nucleus located
at optic chiasm
60
in the circadian cycle and light cycle, what happens at the optic chiasm
some neurons synapse in suprachiasm nucleus (decrease light, increase melatonine)
61
according to the circcadian and light cycle, increase light leads to increased or decrease melatonin
decreased
62
according to the circcadian and light cycle, decreased light leads to increased or decrease melatonin
increased
63
explain the circadian cycle light cycle if there is a decrease in ambient light
decrease in abient light
retinal ganglion cells not as active in sensding info to the synapse with suprachiasmic nucelus
less signalling and activation from SCN to PVN (due to decreased light) therefore there is less inhibition on the PVN nucleus
PVN is disinhibited so it will send excitatory signals to intermediolateral cells in lateral hotns (symapthic NS)
preganglionic sympa neurons synapse with post ganglionic sympa neurons in superior cervical ganglion
project to pineal gland (icnrease in melatonin production)
64
explain the circadian cycle light cycle if there is an icrease in ambient light
increase in abient light
retinal ganglion cells active in sensding info to the synapse with suprachiasmic nucelus
more signalling and activation from SCN to PVN (due to increase light) therefore there is inhibition to the PVN nucleus
PVN is inhibited so it will send LESS excitatory signals to intermediolateral cells in lateral hotns (symapthic NS)
preganglionic sympa neurons synapse with post ganglionic sympa neurons in superior cervical ganglion
project to pineal gland (decrease in melatonin production)
65
true or false, the PVN is an inhibitor of the SCN
false, other way around
66
when inhibition of PVN is reduced, does that mean it is getting increased or decreased signalling from SCN)
decreased signalling from SCN *due to decrease light)
67
when inhibition of PVN is reduced, (decreased signalling from SCN), PVN sends excitatory signals to where
intermediolateral cells in lateral horns (sympathic ns)
68
in the circadian cycle and light, where does preganglioninc sympa neurons synapse with post ganglionc sympa neurons
superior cervical ganglion
69
in the circadian cycle and light, preganglioninc sympa neurons synapse with post ganglionc sympa neurons in superior cervical ganglion, and then synapse wehre
pineal gland
70
does the pineal gland produce melatonine
true
71
what is function of the epithalamuc
regulation of circadian ryhtms, motor systems and monoamine pathways
72
regulation of circadian ryhtms, motor systems and monoamine pathways
is associated with part of the diencepthalon
epithalamus
73
what structure of the epithalamus is involved in the circadian rhytms
pineal gland
74
what part of the epithalamus is invovled in eye motor system
posterior comissure
75
a Y-shaped lamina in the thalamus divides it into what nuclear groups
anterior, lateral (ventrolateral), medial
dorsal
intralamina
76
what are the nuclei in the dorsal aspect of the thalamus
pulvinar, LGN and MGN
77
intralaminar nuclei are assocatied with what
conciousness (ARAS)
78
be able to located the different divions of the thalamus
79
ventrolateral nuclei connect with what what areas (3)
connect with motor, sensory, assocaition areas
80
connect with motor, sensory, assocaition areas
is assocated with what general nuceli of thalamais
ventrolateral
81
the ventral anterior nuclei connects with what cortex
premotor cortex
82
the ventral lateral nuclei connects with what cortex
primary motor cortex
(important for basal nuclei and cerebrocerebellum and spinocerebellum)
83
VA and VL tgt are project to which cortical areas and that is important for which pathways
primaru motor and premotro cortex
important for basal nuclei
84
the ventral posterior nuclei connects with what cortex
primary somatosensory cortex
85
the ventral posterior nuclei (medial and lateral) are asocateid with what pathways (motor or sensory)
sensory (DCML, STH, facial sensory info)
86
the ventral lateral nuclei is invovled with what cerebellar pthways
cerebrocerebellum and spinocerebellum
87
the ventral lateral dorsal and posterior nuclei connects with what cortex
parietal association
88
with what structures does the medial nuclei of thalamus connect
connect with prefrontal cortex and limbic strucrures
89
connect with prefrontal cortex and limbic strucrures
what thalamus nuclei
medial nuclei
90
with what structures does the anterior nuclei of thalamus connect
relay input from limbic system to cingulate cortex
91
relay input from limbic system to cingulate cortex
what thalamus neucli
anterior nuclei
92
true or false: the pulvinar nuclei receives input from other thalamic nuelci
true
93
where does the pulvinar nuclei connect
occiptital and parietal assocaition areas
94
occiptital and parietal assocaition areas
assocatied with what thalamus nuclei
pulvinar
95
be abel to draw the projections from the thaalmic nuclei
96
what ist he general function of the intralaminar nuclei
connect brain entworks responsible for arousal, attention, working memory and gaze control
97
connect brain entworks responsible for arousal, attention, working memory and gaze control
associated with what thalamic nuclei
intralaminar
98
what is the general function of teh centromedian neucleus
vital for attention and conciousness
controls the levels of cortical activity within the ipsialteral hemisphere
99
vital for attention and conciousness
controls the levels of cortical activity within the ipsialteral hemisphere
assocaited with =what thalamic nuclei
centromedian neuclus
100
the centromedian nucleus v
controls the levels of cortical activity within the ipsialteral or contralteral hemisphere
ipsilateral
101
true or false: general anesthetics suppress IL and CM nuclei
true
102
a bilateral centromedian nucleus lesion leads to what
brain deth
103
true or false, an ipsilatearl centromedian nucleus lesion leads to brain death
false, bilateral does
104
what does a unilateral centromedian nucleus lesion lead to
thalamic neglect (loss of controlatearl motor and sensory processes, may also include diffuse cognitive deificits)
105
what is the general definition of synesthesia
stimulation of a sensory/cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a secondary sensory/cognitvie pathway
106
what are the 2 general theories behind synesthiasia
crosstalk/cross wirign between sensory areas
disinhibition of typical feedback pathways
107
what are 4 types of synthesia
grapheme-colour
chromesthesia
lexical gustatory
ordinal linguistic personification
108
what is grapheme colour syntethia
the involuntary association of colors with letters and numbers.
109
the involuntary association of colors with letters and numbers.
what synesthesia
grapheme-colour
110
what is chromesthesia
sound to colour (perceives sounds as dfferent colours)
111
sound to colour (perceives sounds as dfferent colours)
what type of synthesisa
chromesthesia
112
what is lexical gustatory synthetisia
taste things when hearing, speaking, reading, or thinking about words
113
taste things when hearing, speaking, reading, or thinking about words
what type of syntesthia
lexical gustatory
114
what is ordinal linguistic personificantion
associate personalitiyes to letters, words
115
associate personalities to letters, words
what type of synetstia
ordinal linguistic personificaition
116
what supplies tge thalamus
perforating feep branches of the posterior cerebral artery
117
a lesion to what nuclei can lead to thalamic pain syndrome
ventral posterior (esp VPL)
118
a lesion to ventral posterior (esp VPL) can lead to what condition
thalamic pain syndrome
119
what are the 2 symptoms assocaited with thalamic pain syndrom
allodynia
dysestsia/parasehtia
120
what is allodynia
neuropathic pain resulting from non painful stimulate (ex: ligth touch or cold temp)
121
what is dysestiaai/parasehtia
abnormal sensation
ranges from mild tinging (paras) to sharp/painful and/or burning sensations (dys)
