Lecture 3: Mammalian Joint Morphology

Question 1

2 regional divisions of skeletal system

Answer 1

axial
appendicular

Question 2

components of axial skeleton (4)

Answer 2

skull/cranium
vertebral column
ribs
sternum

Question 3

components of appendicular skeleton

Answer 3

limb bones

Question 4

joints definition

Answer 4

articulations that either firmly unite bones or allow specific movements between bones

Question 5

what does skeletal muscle exploit to generate movement

Answer 5

leverage

Question 6

what provides/prevents movement of body components

Answer 6

muscular contraction

Question 7

what kind of joints are most of the limb joints

Answer 7

synovial

Question 8

what surrounds every bone layer of synovial joint

Answer 8

periosteum

Question 9

2 components of joint capsule

Answer 9

fibrous capsule
synovial membrane

Question 10

synovial membrane: 2 functions

Answer 10

allow movement without friction
produce synovial fluid

Question 11

location of synovial fluid

Answer 11

joint cavity

Question 12

3 areas occupied by synovial fluid

Answer 12

synovial joints
bursae
tendon sheaths

Question 13

function of articular cartilage

Answer 13

absorb stress

Question 14

composition of synovial fluid

Answer 14

viscous and elastic
transudate of blood plasma

Question 15

function of synovial fluid

Answer 15

allow articular cartilage to glide

Question 16

3 types/classifications of synovial joints

Answer 16

simple
compound
complex

Question 17

simple synovial joint: definition and examples

Answer 17

joint composed of only 2 bones
2 articulation surfaces separated by synovial membrane
shoulder

Question 18

compound synovial joint: definition and examples

Answer 18

multiple elements moving but share synovial fluid in joint space
joint containing more than 2 bones
humoral/ulnar/radial

Question 19

complex synovial joint: definition and example

Answer 19

a joint with 3 or more elements/2 joints acting as one
2 joint capsules with their own synovial fluid
usually have meniscus/disc
stifle

Question 20

where does synovial fluid come from

Answer 20

transudate (blood plasma)

Question 21

3 types of fibrous joints

Answer 21

suture
syndesmosis
gomphosis

Question 22

suture: definition, functions, characteristics

Answer 22

narrow, rigid fibrous joint
allow growth but not much movement
eventually fuse with age
unites most bones of skull

Question 23

syndesmosis: definition, functions, characteristics

Answer 23

fibrous joint with some flexibility
found between parallel bones (tibia and fibula, ulna and radius)
contain interosseous membrane to prevent bones from being pulled apart

Question 24

gomphosis aka

Answer 24

dento alveolar joint

Question 25

gomphosis: definition, functions

Answer 25

hold teeth in jaw root of tooth is anchored across gap by peridontal ligaments

Question 26

ruffini endings: definition, location, function

Answer 26

receptors found in dermis/skin respond to skin stretch and register the speed and direction of movement

Question 27

golgi tendon organs: definition, location, function

Answer 27

proprioceptors that mediate position sense mediate TENSION in large muscles located in tendon --> near junction of tendon and muscle

Question 28

simple/free nerve endings: definition, location, function

Answer 28

located at attachments of capsules and ligaments terminals of unmyelinated and thinly myelinated nociceptive axons senses PAIN

Question 29

8 types of neuroreceptors in periosteum and ligaments

Answer 29

free nerve ending cylindrical/bulbous end bulb pacinian corpuscle merkel's disk golgi tendon organ ruffini corpuscle hair follicle receptor muscle spindle

Question 30

pacinian corpuscle: definition, function, location

Answer 30

sensory receptors for rapid/deep vibration most numerous in skin of hands and feet

Question 31

muscle spindle: definition, location, function

Answer 31

stretch receptors inside capsule sense muscle length and velocity stretched when muscle lengthens

Question 32

hair follicle: definition, function, location

Answer 32

located on skin directional movement --> cause changes in tension of skin

Question 33

cylindrical/bulbous end bulb: location, function, definition

Answer 33

thermoreception found in mucous membranes detect cold/flutter

Question 34

role of inhibitory neurons in joints/tendons

Answer 34

stop motor signals/muscle contraction

Question 35

what is periosteum

Answer 35

membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wrap around bone (delivers blood supply and sensory info)

Question 36

agonist definition

Answer 36

contracting muscle needed to generate movement 1st participant

Question 37

antagonist definition and function

Answer 37

muscle that relaxes during contraction of an agonist muscle fires to slow down limb segment in order to complete a movement

Question 38

what is a lever as it relates to limb joints

Answer 38

length of bone

Question 39

3 parts of a lever

Answer 39

fulcrum load force

Question 40

what is a fulcrum

Answer 40

usually a joint what allows bone/lever to pivot

Question 41

1st class lever: definition, type of motion generated (Example)

Answer 41

pivot/fulcrum lies between force and load force and load are balance nodding your head

Question 42

2nd class lever: definition, type of motion generated (Example)

Answer 42

load is between the pivot/fulcrum and force force is less than the load = mechanical advantage standing on tip toes

Question 43

3rd class lever: definition, type of motion generated (example)

Answer 43

load is further away from force and pivot/fulcrum force is greater that the load, but produces large movement bent arm (contraction of biceps to move forearm)

Question 44

short vs long levers: advantage/disadvantage

Answer 44

short lever = faster, less force long lever = slower, more force

Question 45

physics of long lever (relationship of perpendicular distance and center of rotation)

Answer 45

LARGE perpendicular distance between muscle's line of action and center of rotation of joint

Question 46

where is force initially developed

Answer 46

skeletal muscle

Question 47

how is force transferred

Answer 47

skeletal muscle --> tendons, aponeuroses and fascia --> bones

Question 48

ligaments function

Answer 48

prevent excessive separation of adjacent bones

Question 49

what comprises the following structures: tendons, aponeuroses, fascia, ligaments

Answer 49

type 1 collagen (dense CT)

Question 50

what ligament holds the femoral head in place

Answer 50

ligament of femoral head

Question 51

ball and socket joint: definition, function

Answer 51

rounded head fits in a concavity, permitting movement on several axes

Question 52

example of ball and socket joint

Answer 52

coxofemoral joint (hip) acetabulum of hip (socket) + head of femur (ball)

Question 53

ligament of femoral head is a continuation of what ligament

Answer 53

transverse acetabular ligament

Question 54

what kind of joint is coxofemoral joint (2 things)

Answer 54

ball and socket synovial

Question 55

5 movements of coxofemoral joint

Answer 55

flexion extension abduction (of limb) adduction (of limb) rotation (of limb)

Question 56

hip dysplasia: definition/cause

Answer 56

abnormal development of coxofemoral joint muscle mass doesn't increase rapidly enough to account for rapid bone growth

Question 57

hip dysplasia: characteristics (2)

Answer 57

joint laxity or instability degenerative joint changes = acetabular bone sclerosis, thickened femoral neck, joint capsule fibrosis, subluxation/luxation of femoral head

Question 58

hip dysplasia: non surgical treatments (4)

Answer 58

weight reduction exercise restriction controlled PT NSAIDs

Question 59

hip dysplasia: surgical treatment

Answer 59

total hip replacement